Winarni B, Lahjie AM, Simarangkir B.D.A.S., Yusuf S, Ruslim Y. 2018. Forest gardens management under traditional ecological knowledge in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 77-84. Local wisdom of Dayak Kodatn people in West Kalimantan in forest management shows that human and nature are in one beneficial ecological unity known as Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK). Former cultivation forest areas are managed in various ways, including planting forest trees, fruit-producing plants, and rubber trees until they transform into the forest garden. This research used three models, monoculture rubber cultivation (Model 1), combined rubber and camphor cultivation (Model 2), and combined rubber and durian cultivation (Model 3). This research intended to: (i) analyze the production of rubber latex and durian fruit; (ii) analyze the growth increment of camphor and durian trees; (iii) analyze the financial feasibility of rubber tree plantation, combined rubber and camphor tree plantation, and combined rubber and durian trees plantation; (iv) formulate the model of rubber cultivation. This research also used measurement methods other than field measurement, which were tree diameter and height, rubber latex and durian fruit weight, and questionnaire interviews. The maximum productions of rubber latex from three models were achieved at the age of 17 years, while maximum production of durian fruits was achieved at the age of 55 years. The maximum growth increment of camphor and durian trees were achieved at the age of 40 years. Based on NPV analysis and IRR, those three models were worthy of being cultivated. Financially, the combined rubber and durian cultivation (Model 3) was the most profitable, followed by monoculture rubber cultivation (Model 1), and lastly the combined rubber and camphor cultivation (Model 2).
Mulyastuti Y, Rahayu SI, Sunarno S, Santoso S, Wasito EB. 2017. Short Communication: Investigation of Diphtheria in Indonesia: dtxR and tox genes analysis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae collected from outbreaks. Biodiversitas 18: 784-787. Diphtheria outbreaks have sporadically occurred in Indonesia recently. It is suspected that toxin profile changes play an important role in vaccine efficacy and the occurrence of outbreaks. This study aimed to investigate the genetic changes of dtxR and tox genes in Corynebacterium diphtheria in Indonesia. Four C. diphtheriae toxigenic isolates circulating in current outbreak area were analyzed by comparing DNA sequences of their dtxR and tox genes to those of the PW8 vaccine strain. Among the four isolates, three point mutations were detected in dtxR gene while three other point mutations were detected in the tox gene. All six were silent mutations, suggesting that the diphtheria toxin is highly conserved at the amino acid sequence level, and indirectly indicating that the vaccine remains appropriate. Genetic variation in dtxR and tox genes of C. diphtheriae isolates from the recent outbreaks in Indonesia was detected.
This research aimed to identify the participation level of communities in the management program of Sorong Nature Tourism Park (NTP) and to provide alternative recommendations that can be used to support the success of the management program based on community participation. The results of the research showed that community participation in the management of Sorong NTP had the highest values in the household group (15 respondents or 40,54%) and the lowest was group leader (1 respondent or 2,70%), similar with the intensity of community participation. Community participation in Sorong NTP includes group leaders, interest group, head of household, women/housewives and youth. The participation level was categorized into very inactive and inactive, influenced by community participation function which generally occurred inthe form of implementing activity and intensity of participation of society element in the form of providing consultation and information. Management efforts include seeking legal aspects of the area to be the basis of management programs, seeking the payment of customary rights to ensure the existence of claims-related areas of the community, involving communities in planning, maintenance, management, decision-making, initiating action and control programs, and increasing the frequency of socialization and counseling to provide insight into the community about the economic means and the ecological meaning of the results of management program.
Lahjie AM, Lepong A, Simarangkir BDAS, Kristiningrum R, Ruslim Y. 2018. Financial analysis of dipterocarp log production and rubber production in the forest and land rehabilitation program of Sekolaq Muliaq, West Kutai District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 707-716. The Dayak community of East Kalimantan in the last decade has begun to develop production systems that integrate forest timber tree species into plantation commodity enterprises. They have become aware that the natural forest species of their surroundings such as Meranti (Shorea sp.) and Kapur (Dryobalanops aromatica) are often easier to exploit economically, and represent potentially cheaper investments, than are introduced plantation crops such as rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). This is because the price of rubber latex has decreased over the years and has ceased to give a financial return commensurate with the investment required to develop rubber as a monocrop. The research described in this paper aimed to evaluate the viability of a dipterocarp forest/rubber plantation system cultivated by people in the West Kutai District of East Kalimantan. The viability of the system was evaluated by (i) measuring its production of dipterocarp logs and natural rubber; (ii) determining the diameter distribution of its dipterocarp trees and (iii) assessing the financial feasibility of the dipterocarp/rubber system using the theories of increment production and basal area applied to the determination of Pay Back Period, Net Present Value (NPV), Net Benefit Cost (B/C) ratio and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The research areas on which the evaluation was performed consisted of (1) a mixed population of Shorea spp. (Meranti) and rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) and (2) a mixed population of Dryobalanops aromatica (Kapur) and rubber. The growth analysis of Shorea spp. combined with rubber as well as D. aromatica combined with rubber at the planting distance of 5m x 5m showed that the maximum cycle was reached at the age of 40 years. Whereas the rubber trees in monoculture cultivation reached their maximum cycle at the age of 17 years. The optimum increment of MAI and CAI of Shorea spp. combined with rubber reached 3.61 m3 ha-1 year-1 and 3.62 m3 ha-1 year-1 respectively. The maximum increment of MAI and CAI of Dryobalanops aromatica combined with rubber reached 3.09 m3 ha-1 year-1 and 3 m3 ha-1 year-1 respectively.
Hutauruk TR, Lahjie AM, Simarangkir B.D.A.S., Aipassa MI, Ruslim Y. 2018. The prospect of the utilization of Non-Timber Forest Products from Setulang Village forest based on local knowledge of the Uma Longh community in Malinau, North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 421-430. The establishment of Village Forest status gives local people assurance to manage the forest independently, but also limits its utilization. Communities are given freedom in the utilization of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) and environmental services, but they are prohibited to utilize timber forest products that can disturb and destroy the life of flora and fauna in it. The Uma Longh community utilize NTFPs to meet the needs for food, medicines, and craft material. The objective of this study was to know the prospect of the utilization of NTFPs from Setulang Village Forest. Data were gathered by interview, FGD, documentation, observation and field sampling in transects. The analysis method used in this research was CLAPS (Arquiza 2008; Bakkegaard et al. 2016). This research concluded that the NTFPs in Uma Longh community had good prospect so that the commodities included in the NTFPs category could be managed by the local community independently and sustainably, including Calamus sp. and Gigantochloa sp. In order for NTFPs to be available sustainably, the existence of village forest should be maintained, and this requires (i) the existence of government regulatory support that ensures its sustainability, (ii) the community support to comply with agreements and rules made, (iii) the availability of responsible management institutions, and (iv) the availability of adequate funding sources.
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