AbstrakKeadaan bahaya atau kedaruratan senan asa dihadapi oleh se ap negara yang memaksa negara yang bersangkutan melakukan ndakan-ndakan, baik berupa penetapan keadaan bahaya (extraordinary measures) ataupun penetapan aturan (extraordinary rules) untuk memulihkan keadaan bahaya tersebut. Umumnya ndakan-ndakan untuk mengatasinya diatur dalam kons tusi atau undang-undang dasar negara yang bersangkutan agar ndakan dimaksud mempunyai dasar hukum yang kuat. Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 mengatur dua hal kedaruratan, yaitu dalam Pasal 12 yang memberikan wewenang kepada presiden menetapkan keadaan bahaya (extraordinary measures), serta Pasal 22 yang menjadi dasar kons tusional dikeluarkannya peraturan pemerintah penggan undang-undang oleh presiden (extraordinary rules). Dalam prak k, dak mudah mengualifikasi suatu keadaan sebagai gen ng memaksa. Ar kel ini menganalisis peraturan pemerintah penggan undangundang dalam perspek f ajaran kons tusi serta prinsip negara hukum. Untuk menghindarkan terjadinya kesewenang-wenangan, perpu perlu memiliki sejumlah limitasi, melipu makna, ruang lingkup atau materi muatan, proses pembentukan dan pembahasan, serta akibat hukum.Kata kunci: kedaruratan, kegen ngan memaksa, kons tusionalisme, peraturan pemerintah penggan undang-undang, prinsip negara hukum. Government Regula on in Lieu of
AbstrakSalah satu k sentral dalam kons tusionalisme adalah persoalan hak asasi manusia. Dalam kaitan ini, kons tusi memiliki peran pen ng yang bukan hanya sekadar melakukan jaminan dan proteksi secara tertulis, melainkan pula menyediakan berbagai nilai yang digunakan oleh lembaga peradilan dalam interpretasi serta elaborasi hak-hak tersebut. Ar kel ini menjelaskan hubungan antara kons tusi dan hak asasi manusia, yang mencakup persoalan isi dan penger an hak asasi manusia, tempat hak asasi manusia dalam kons tusi, termasuk dalam UUD 1945, serta akibat pengaturan hak asasi manusia dalam kons tusi. Ar kel ini menegaskan bahwa penempatan hak asasi manusia dalam kons tusi dak semata-mata menjadikannya sebagai hak-hak fundamental yang bersifat mendasar, melainkan pula sebagai hak-hak kons tusional yang ter nggi.Kata Kunci: hak asasi manusia, hak kons tusional, kons tusi, kons tusionalisme, UUD 1945. Cons tu on and Human Rights Abstract One of the central points on cons tu onalism is the idea of human rights. Cons tu on plays a major role by not only inser ng human rights ar cles in aiming to secure and protect these rights, but also providing fundamental values that are used by Court in interpre ng and elabora ng such rights. This ar cle discusses the rela onship between a cons tu on and human rights, including issues of the meaning and content of human rights, posi on of human rights in a cons tu on (including the 1945 Amended Cons tu on), as well as consequences of inser ng human rights norms into a cons tu on. It is argued that the entrenchment of human rights in a cons A. PendahuluanKons tusi dalam tulisan ini adalah kons tusi dalam ar sempit, yakni kons tusi yang terdokumentasi yang sering disebut sebagai undang-undang dasar.¹ Hampir di
ABSTRAK Artikel ini menganalis pembangunan hukum nasional religius yang kerap kali dipersoalkan dan menimbulkan konflik serta ketegangan dalam tatanan kehidupan masyarakat Indonesia. Hasil analisis menyimpulkan bahwa pembangunan hukum nasional yang religius di Indonesia adalah sebuah kewajaran dan keniscayaan, karena hukum yang baik harus didasarkan pada nilai-nilai, kenyataan, dan harapan masyarakat. Dengan Pancasila sebagai philosophische grondslag negara, maka dasar Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa menjadi acuan dalam pembangunan hukum nasional yang religius, baik dalam pembentukan hukum, pelayanan hukum maupun penegakan hukum. Namun demikian, penting untuk memperhatikan kemajemukan dan sensivitas dari asas dan kaidah keagamaan, sehingga diperlukan kehati-hatian, sikap saling menghormati, dan prinsip demokrasi dalam pembangunan hukum nasional yang religius. Selain itu, pembangunan hukum nasional yang religius kerap mendapat tantangan, yang dapat dilihat secara umum dari pembentukan hukum yang rendah kuantitas maupun kualitasnya, serta penegakan dan pelayanan hukum yang koruptif dan mengabaikan prinsip etis/moral sebagai nilai religius. Karena itu, diperlukan kesadaran etis dalam pembangunan hukum nasional yang religius, serta mengarahkannya dalam rangka mencapai Keadilan Sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia. Kata kunci: agama; nilai religius; pembangunan hukum. ABSTRACT This article analyzes national religious law development, which is often questioned and causes conflict and tension in the Indonesian public order. The article conclude that Indonesia's national religious law development is ordinary and necessary because good law must be based on the community's values, reality, and expectations. With Pancasila as the philosophical foundation of the state, the basis of the Belief in the one and only God becomes a reference in the development of national religious law, both in the forming of law, legal services, and law enforcement. However, it is crucial to attend to the diversity and sensitivity of religious principles and norms so that caution, mutual respect, and democratic principles are needed to develop national religious law. Also, national religious law development often faces challenges, which can be seen in general from the making of laws that are low in quantity and quality and the enforcement and service of law that is corrupt and ignores ethical/moral principles as religious values. Therefore, ethical awareness is needed to develop national religious law and direct it to achieve Social Justice for all Indonesian people. Keywords: legal development; religion; religious value.
This article analyzes the relationship between the Regional Representative Council (DPD) and political parties that are often confronted diametrically. The questions presented, what is the historical factor for the formation of the DPD and the comparison of the practices of several countries in relation to regional representative bodies and political parties? What are the prospects for the relationship between the DPD and political parties in the future? This article aims to provide a different perspective on the relationship between the DPD and political parties from the historical, comparative and conception point of regional representation bodies. Through the socio-legal method, it was concluded that, first, historically the formation of the DPD was designed to be filled by individuals, not political parties. However, the practice of some countries shows that regional representative bodies generally cannot be separated from political parties. The lesson is that separating the DPD and political parties "strictly" can be said to always be violated because it is not in accordance with the natural conditions of filling the DPD directly by the people, who are influenced by the strength of the network and political parties. Second, whether or not there are political party affiliations in the DPD will not have a significant impact due to the limited authority of the DPD, so what is needed is the granting of significant DPD authority in the legislative process and supervision through the bicameral model. Thus, the prospect of the relationship between the DPD and political parties in the future can contribute to each other according to the DPD's already significant authority while still providing space for individuals.
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