This study identifies the risk factors for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) and measures the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to hepatitis C (anti-HCV) in the general population of Jakarta. A population-based sample of 985 people aged 15 and above was surveyed. Risk factors were identified through questionnaires and home visits. Serum was analysed for HBsAg, antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), anti-HCV, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The seroprevalence was: 4.0% (39/985) for HBsAg, 17.2% (170/985) for anti-HBs, and 3.9% (38/985) for anti-HCV. The risk factors for hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection had little in common. Low socioeconomic status was a strong risk factor for HBsAg (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 18.09; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.35-139.50). In addition, the Chinese group has 2.97 higher risk of having HBV infection compared with the Malayan ethnic group (adjusted OR 2.97; 95% CI 1.22-7.83). There was moderate positive trend between family size and risk of HBsAg positivity (P = 0.130). Age over 50 (adjusted OR 14.72; 95% CI 4.35-49.89) and history of transfusion were significant risk factors for hepatitis C (adjusted OR 3.03; 95% CI 1.25-7.33). Hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections have different risk factors in Jakarta, a high risk in population for both diseases. Hepatitis B transmission is associated with low socioeconomic status, Chinese ethnic group and large family size, while hepatitis C is associated with an older age and a history of transfusions.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the association between tobacco consumption (kretek) and betel quid chewing with oral cancer risk. Materials and Methods: A total of 81 cases of oral cancers were matched with 162 controls in this hospital-based study. Information on sociodemographic characteristics and details of risk habits (duration, frequency and type of tobacco consumption and betel quid chewing) were collected. Association between smoking and betel quid chewing with oral cancer were analysed using conditional logistic regression. Results: Slightly more than half of the cases (55.6%) were smokers where 88.9% of them smoked kretek. After adjusting for confounders, smokers have two fold increased risk, while the risk for kretek consumers and those smoking for more than 10 years was increased to almost three-fold. Prevalence of betel quid chewing among cases and controls was low (7.4% and 1.9% respectively). Chewing of at least one quid per day, and quid combination of betel leaf, areca nut, lime and tobacco conferred a 5-6 fold increased risk. Conclusions: Smoking is positively associated with oral cancer risk. A similar direct association was also seen among betel quid chewers.

A matched case-control, hospital-based study of oral cancer was conducted in Jakarta population. The sample included 81 cases and 162 controls. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between dietary pattern and oral cancer in a Jakarta population using factor analysis. Dietary data were collected using food frequency questionnaire and factor analysis was performed on 15 food groups resulting in four principle factors/components being retained. The first factor "preferred" was characterized by fast food, fermented food, canned food, snacks high in fat and sugar, cooked and raw vegetables, and seafood. The second factor labeled "combination" was loaded by the intake of dairy product, red meat, white meat and fruits. The third factor labeled "chemical related was loaded by processed food and monosodium glutamate and the fourth principle component consisted of drinks and grain was labeled as "traditional". The conditional logistic regression was done using STATA 8 to obtain the odds ratio (OR) of highest tertile of each component retained from factor analysis and the ORs were then adjusted with risk habits. The consumption the highest tertile of the "preferred" pattern increased the risk of oral cancer by two-times compared to the lowest tertile of consumption [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.17; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.05-4.50]. The chemical related" pattern showed higher risk of about threefold (aOR=2.56; 95% CI=1.18-5.54), while the "traditional" pattern showed an increased of risk by twofold (aOR=2.04; 95% CI=1.01-4.41). In contrast, the "combination" pattern displayed protective effects in relation to oral cancer (aOR=0.50; 95% CI=0.24-1.00). This finding suggests that factor analysis may be useful to determine the diet pattern of a big set of food type and establish the correlation with oral cancer.

The subjects were selected randomly using neighborhood cluster. Interviews and blood pressure were taken at the houses of the subjects. The resuhs of this study showed that people aged 40 years or over had an increasc risk to suffer hypertension compared to the 17-39 year old group, and the risk was most prominent among the 55-59 ye(ir group (adjusted odds ratio = 21.62; 95Vo confidence intertals (CI) = 4.19-113.97). Compared to the subjects with normal body posture, those who were obese had more than 6.3-folds increase in the risk to be hypertensive (adjusted OR = 6.33: 95Va CI = 2.62-15.29). In addition, those who discontinued antihypertensive drugs had almost l2-fold increase in the risk to be hypertensive relative to subjects who never take antihypertensive drugs (adjusted OR = t L92; 95Vo CI = 4.61 -30.80). This study concluded that special atlention should be laken to the elderly aged 40 years and oyer, to some one who discontinued antihypertensive drugs, andwhom had light daily working Load to prevent hypertension. (MedJ Indones 2001; 10:29-33

AbstrakTujuan Untuk menganalisis apakah bising pesawat terbang denyut nadi istirahat, dan faktor lain berperan meningkatkan risiko kejadian tekanan darah diastolik (TDD) pada penerbang TNI AU. Metode Desain penelitian nested case-control. Data berasal dari rekam medis hasil pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala dan indoktrinasi latihan aerofi siologi di LAKESPRA Saryanto di Jakarta antara Januari 2003 -September 2008. Kelompok kasus ialah subjek dengan TDD ≥90 mmHg; kelompok kontrol adalah dengan TDD ≤89 mmHg. Setiap kasus dipadankan dengan 12 kontrol. Hasil Di antara 567 penerbang, 544 (95,9%) mempunyai rekam medis yang lengkap, dan diperoleh 40 kasus dan 480 kontrol. Penerbang yang biasa terpajan bising dalam pesawat 90-95 dB dibandingkan 70-80 dB mempunyai risiko 2,7 kali menderita TDD tinggi [rasio odds (ORa) = 2,70; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI) = 1, [5][6]97]. Penerbang dengan frekuensi nadi istirahat ≥ 81/menit dibandingkan ≤ 80/minute mempunyai risiko 2,7 kali TDD tinggi (ORa = 2,66; 95% CI = 1,61). Ditinjau dari segi total jam terbang, penerbang dengan total jam terbang 1401-11125 jam dibandingkan 147-1400 jam mempuyai risiko 3,2 kali menderita TDD tinggi (ORa = 3,18; 95% CI = 1,01-10,03).Kesimpulan Intensitas bising dalam pesawat yang tinggi, frekuensi nadi istirahat yang tinggi, jumlah jam terbang total yang tinggi meningkatkan risiko TDD tinggi. Pemeriksaan mawas diri frekuensi nadi istirahat oleh penerbang dapat dipakai untuk pengendalian TDD tinggi. (Med J Indones 2009; 18: 276-82) AbstractAim To analyze the effects of aircraft noise, resting pulse rate, and other factors on the risk of high diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Indonesian Air Force pilots.Methods A nested case-control study was conducted using data extracted from annual medical check-ups indoctrination aerophysiologic training records at the Saryanto Aviation and Aerospace Health Institute (LAKESPRA) in Jakarta from January 2003 -September 2008. For analysis of DBP: the case group with DBP ≥ 90 mmHg were compared with contral group with DBP < 79 mmHG. One case matched to 12 controls. ResultsOut of 567 pilots, 544 (95.9%) had complete medical records. For this analysis there were 40 cases of high DBP and 480 controls for DBP. Pilots exposed to aircraft noise 90-95 dB rather than 70-80 dB had a 2.7-fold increase for high DBP [adjusted odds ratio (ORa) = 2.70; 95% confi dence interval (CI ) = 1.05-6.97]. Pilots with resting pulse rates of ≥ 81/minute rather than ≤ 80/minute had a 2.7-fold increase for high DBP (ORa = 2.66; 95% CI = 1.26-5.61). In terms of total fl ight hours, pilots who had 1401-11125 hours rather than 147-1400 hours had a 3.2-fold increase for high DBP (ORa = 3.18; 95% CI = 1.01-10.03). ConclusionHigh interior aircraft noise, high total fl ight hours, and high resting pulse rate, increased risk for high DBP. Self assessment of resting pulse rate can be used to control the risk of high DBP. (Med J Indones 2009; 276: 276-82)