Purpose: This study aimed to determine the association between tobacco consumption (kretek) and betel quid chewing with oral cancer risk. Materials and Methods: A total of 81 cases of oral cancers were matched with 162 controls in this hospital-based study. Information on sociodemographic characteristics and details of risk habits (duration, frequency and type of tobacco consumption and betel quid chewing) were collected. Association between smoking and betel quid chewing with oral cancer were analysed using conditional logistic regression. Results: Slightly more than half of the cases (55.6%) were smokers where 88.9% of them smoked kretek. After adjusting for confounders, smokers have two fold increased risk, while the risk for kretek consumers and those smoking for more than 10 years was increased to almost three-fold. Prevalence of betel quid chewing among cases and controls was low (7.4% and 1.9% respectively). Chewing of at least one quid per day, and quid combination of betel leaf, areca nut, lime and tobacco conferred a 5-6 fold increased risk. Conclusions: Smoking is positively associated with oral cancer risk. A similar direct association was also seen among betel quid chewers.

A matched case-control, hospital-based study of oral cancer was conducted in Jakarta population. The sample included 81 cases and 162 controls. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between dietary pattern and oral cancer in a Jakarta population using factor analysis. Dietary data were collected using food frequency questionnaire and factor analysis was performed on 15 food groups resulting in four principle factors/components being retained. The first factor "preferred" was characterized by fast food, fermented food, canned food, snacks high in fat and sugar, cooked and raw vegetables, and seafood. The second factor labeled "combination" was loaded by the intake of dairy product, red meat, white meat and fruits. The third factor labeled "chemical related was loaded by processed food and monosodium glutamate and the fourth principle component consisted of drinks and grain was labeled as "traditional". The conditional logistic regression was done using STATA 8 to obtain the odds ratio (OR) of highest tertile of each component retained from factor analysis and the ORs were then adjusted with risk habits. The consumption the highest tertile of the "preferred" pattern increased the risk of oral cancer by two-times compared to the lowest tertile of consumption [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.17; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.05-4.50]. The chemical related" pattern showed higher risk of about threefold (aOR=2.56; 95% CI=1.18-5.54), while the "traditional" pattern showed an increased of risk by twofold (aOR=2.04; 95% CI=1.01-4.41). In contrast, the "combination" pattern displayed protective effects in relation to oral cancer (aOR=0.50; 95% CI=0.24-1.00). This finding suggests that factor analysis may be useful to determine the diet pattern of a big set of food type and establish the correlation with oral cancer.

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BACKGROUND: Stainless steel brackets are composed of various metal that may corrode in oral cavity. Corrosion is caused by the release of metal ions such as chromium, nickel, and iron. The release of metal ions can cause adverse effects such as toxicity, allergic, and mutagenicity. To evaluate the biocompatibility of stainless steel brackets, micronucleus assay as one of genotoxicity assay is used in this study. To determine the differences and the correlation of metal ions release and genotoxic activity among three brand stainless steel brackets. METHODS:Three brands of brackets were immersed in artificial saliva for 672 hours and the release of ion chromium, nikel and iron were examined. The cytokynesis block micronucleus assay (CBMN) using lymphocytes was performed as well. Abstract RESULTS:The highest metal releasing were nickel, cromium, iron, respectively (30.5, 27.2, 23.4 ppb). There was a significant differences between total nickel and iron ion release among three brand brackets (p=0.04, p=0.02). Genotoxicity of metal ion released was correlated with durration of immersion brackets (p=0.01). Genotoxicity was significant correlated with the release of chromium (p=0.03) and nickel (p=0.01). CONCLUSION:Genotoxicity of stainless steel brackets was influenced by duration of immersion but not influenced by brand brackets. KEYWORDS: genotoxicity, stainless steel brackets, metal ion Indones Biomed J. 2016; 8(2): 97-102Fixed orthodontic appliances are commonly made of metal and alloys, which composed of various metals substances. Orthodontic bracket is the main elements of the fixed appliance orthodontic which delivers the activated force from the wire to the teeth.(1) Alloy brackets can be made of stainless steel, nickel-free stainless steel, and nickeltitanium. (2) Stainless steel brackets have certain limitation as it is prone to corrode thus releases metal ions.(3) Corrosion on stainless steel bracket will reduce its aesthetic and strength. From the stand point of biocompatibility, corrosion of metals can cause adverse biologic effect.(4) Exposure to metal ions will lead to accumulation of these ions on the soft tissue and cause toxicity.(5) Some of the metal ions, such as nickel and chromium, were found abundant in stainless steel brackets and were classified as chemical carcinogens. (4) Some factors such as saliva and time expossure can influence corrosion in the oral cavity. The longer these metal exposed to corrosive environment, the more metal ions were released. The length of exposure time to metal ions in the body has been known to limit the ability of cells