Background and Aim: Studies to determine abundance, distribution, species composition, and mosquito interactions are very important in understanding the risk of disease transmission to implement appropriate mosquito management in endemic areas. Lymphatic filarial worms are one of the parasites that are contracted and/or transmitted by mosquitoes when sucking the blood of infected humans or animals and then biting others. This research was conducted to study the abundance, species composition, mosquito biting cycles, density and periodicity of mosquitoes caught in Lubuk Pauh Village, Bulang Tengah Suku Ulu, Musi Rawas, South Sumatera, Indonesia, which is an endemic area of zoonotic Brugia malayi. Materials and Methods: The mosquito collection was done in July 2018 using the human landing collection method for 11 h from 18.00 pm to 5.00 am Western Indonesian Time. The catching of mosquitoes was done both indoors and outdoors, and mosquitoes were identified under a dissecting microscope using an identification key to confirm their species. Detection of B. malayi larvae in mosquitoes was confirmed by dissection and polymerase chain reaction methods. Results: The caught mosquitoes consisted of four species: Armigeres subalbatus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex vishnui, and Mansonia uniformis. Based on the Shannon–Wiener index, Lubuk Pauh Village has low mosquito species diversity (0.210). Ar. subalbatus was the dominant mosquito in Lubuk Pauh Village with dominance number 95.08, and it had the most frequent activity in each of periods of indoor and outdoor collection, with the highest density (man-hour density) at 18.00-19.00 (51.750). B. malayi infective stage larvae were not found in all mosquito species caught. Conclusion: Existence of Ar. subalbatus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Ma. uniformis in Lubuk Pauh Village which is an endemic area of B. malayi shows that the area is at risk of lymphatic filariasis transmission.

Abstract Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by dengue virus and transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito as the main vector and Aedes albopictus as secondary vector. In 2016, Bengkulu City was one of 3 cities that experiencing DHF outbreaks in Indonesia. Insecticides malathion have been used since 1990 in bulk in DHF control programs in Bengkulu City and have not had an evaluation report on Aedes sp. vulnerability to malathion. The purpose of this research was to know the resistance status of Ae albopictus mosquitoes from endemic and sporadic areas of DHF in Bengkulu City to malathion. The sample of the study was the Ae. albopictus adult female mosquitoes which collected from endemic and sporadic areas of DHF in Bengkulu City with ovitrap installation. The resistance test was performed by CDC Bottle Bioassay method with malation 96% and 50 μg/ml diagnostic dose of. The results of this study showed 1% mortality on endemic area and 5% on sporadic area. Aedes albopictus of both areas were resistant to malathion.   Keywords: Ae. albopictus, bottle bioassay, malathion.   Abstrak Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus dengue dan ditularkan oleh nyamuk Aedes aegypti sebagai vektor utama dan Aedes albopictus sebagai vektor sekunder. Pada tahun 2016, Kota Bengkulu merupakan 1 dari 3 kota yang mengalami KLB DBD di Indonesia. Insektisida malation telah digunakan sejak tahun 1990 secara massal dalam program pengendalian DBD di Kota Bengkulu dan belum memiliki laporan evaluasi mengenai kerentanan Aedes sp terhadap malation. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui status kerentanan nyamuk Ae. albopictus dari daerah endemis dan sporadis DBD Kota Bengkulu terhadap malation. Sampel penelitian adalah nyamuk betina dewasa Ae. albopictus yang dikoleksi dari daerah endemik dan sporadis DBD Kota Bengkulu dengan pemasangan ovitrap. Uji kerentanan dilakukan dengan metode CDC Bottle Bioassay dengan malation 96% dan dosis diagnostik 50 µg/ml. Hasil penelitian ini  menunjukkan mortalitas 1% untuk daerah endemis dan 5% untuk daerah sporadis. Aedes albopictus kedua daerah telah resisten terhadap malation.   Kata Kunci: Ae. albopictus, bottle bioassay, malation.

The high density of occupancy and poor environmental hygiene in An Nawawi Islamic Boarding School, Purworejo could effect on the health status of students. Scabies is one of  health problem that often occurs in Islamic boarding schools. The aims of this study was to determine risk factors of scabies transmission on students at An Nawawi Boarding School Berjan Gebang subdistrict, Purworejo District of Central Java. This study used observational analytic methods using case-control design. The measured variables were environmental hygiene, residential density, personal hygiene, contact with  patient, knowledge, sex, age and the presence or absence of house dust mites (TDR). The population in this study were students at Boarding School An Nawawi with the sample size is 104 students. Data obtained from environmental hygiene observational, questionnaires, physician diagnosis, skin swab sampling and sampling of house dust. Data were analyzed with Chi-Square (α=0.05). The result of this study showed that  115 of 161 students were diagnosed with scabies and S. scabiei was founded from 34 slide of skin swab. Environmental hygiene factors (p=0.000; OR=9.490), contact with patients (p=0.040; OR=2.912), sex (p=0.000; OR=5.083), and age of santri related to scabies transmission (p=0.000). House dust mites Dermatophagoides sp. found at An Nawawi Islamic Boarding School. Environmental cleanliness is the most dominant factor that influences the transmission of scabies at An Nawawi Islamic Boarding School

Aedes aegypti mosquito population could be controlled by using lethal ovitrap. The addition of hay infusions as a attractant greatly enhance Aedes aegypti eggs trapped, and papaya leaf juice may inhibit Aedes aegypti eggs evolve to larvae or a larvae to pupae stage. This study was conducted to find out the chemical compounds in hay infusion and papaya leaf juice. We used phytochemical test using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, Thin Layer Chromatography, and High Performance Liquid Chromatoraphy (HPLC) method. The results showed that hay infusion contains 12,75 mg/L ammonium and <1,20 ppm (µg/ mL) lactic acid and papaya leaf juice contains 0,25% alkaloid, 0,14% flavonoid, 0,30% saponin, ≤68 mg/L steroid and 11,34% tannin, but negative terpenoid. We concluded that hay infusion and papaya leaf juice contains chemical compounds that could be use as attractant and bioinsecticide to Aedes aegypti, respectively.

For several decades, applications of malathion and cypermethrin insecticides have been extensively used to control Aedes aegypti. Hence it is important to study mosquito vector resistance status and its posible mechanisms in relation to long term use of insecticides. This study aimed to determine the resistance status and to characterize mechanisms of Ae. aegypti to malathion and cypermethrin. Larvae and puppae of Ae. aegypti were collected in the field of Plosokuning, Minomartani, Sleman, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. The biological assay was carried out using CDC Bottle Bioassay to test the resistant status. The biochemical assay was conducted using microplate assay with substrate α-naphthyl acetate to test the presence of esterase elevated activity. The molecular assay was done using PCR with primers AaSCF1 and AaSCR4 to detect of point mutation at S989P, I1011M (or V), L1014F sites, and AaSCF7 and AaSCR7 to detect of point mutation at F1534C site. The biological assay showed Ae. aegypti suggests the possibility of resistance to malathion with 82% mortality (246/300) and already resistant to cypermethrin with 76% mortality (228/300). The biochemical assay of Ae. aegypti showed the presence of non-specific esterase elevated activity. The PCR method using AaSCF1 and AaSCR4 primers did not show specific DNA bands with the size of 619bp. However using AaSCF7 and AaSCR7 primers showed specific DNA bands with the size of 748bp. Voltage gated sodium channel gene sequencing compare with Gene Bank (AB914687 and AB914688) showed that there was no changes on the 1534 site. Long term use of insecticides did not successfully eliminate the targeted dengue vector, because Ae. aegypti were resistant to both insecticides. The results demonstrate the importance of designing better health policies regarding insecticide usage. Budi Mulyaningsih et al., Insecticide resistance and mechanisms of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Yogyakarta dengan microplate assay dengan substrat α-naphthyl asetat. Metode penetapan molekular digunakan PCR dengan primer AaSCF1 and AaSCR4 untuk deteksi mutasi pada titik S989P, I1011M (atau V) dan L1014F adapun primer AaSCF7 dan AaSCR7 untuk deteksi mutasi pada titik F1354C. Hasil bioasai menunjukkan Ae. aegypti sudah resisten terhadap malation dengan mortalitas 82% (246/300) dan sudah resisten terhadap sipermetrin dengan mortalitas 76% (228/300). Dengan metoda biokhemis menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan aktivitas enzim esterase non spesifik. Pada metoda PCR dengan primer AaSCF1 and AaSCR4 tidak muncul pita DNA spesifik dengan ukuran 619bp, tetapi dengan primer AaSCF7 dan AaSCR7 muncul pita spesifik dengan ukuran 748bp. Hasil sekuensing gene voltage gated sodium chanel dibandingkan dengan Gen Bank (AB914687 dan AB914688) menunjukkan tidak ada mutasi pada pada titik 1354. Penggunaan insektisida dalam jangka waktu yang lama tidak berhasil mengeleminasi vektor dengue oleh karena Ae. aegypti resistan terhadap kedua insektisida tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perlu dirancang kebija...