Despite the small size of this study our findings suggest that low, pre-morbid IGF-1 is a risk factor for subsequent delirium in this population, emphasizing the potential protective role of this anabolic cytokine and the need for replication of these findings.

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Several syndromes occur in old age. They are often associated with increased mortality and in all there is a paucity of basic and clinical research. The recent developments in the clinical pharmacology of three common syndromes of old age (delirium, urinary incontinence, and falls) are discussed along with directions for future research.

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