Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to explore the connections between individual learning, intrapreneurship, and organizational learning to create an alternative model of how learning facilitates performance in organizations. Design/methodology/approach -This is a conceptual paper selecting targeted scholarly works that provide support for the proposed model. Findings -The paper presents a model of intrapreneurial learning and performance in which the constructs of environment, individual learning, intrapreneurship, and organizational learning influence organizational performance. Intrapreneurship is a relatively recent area of exploration in which scholarly efforts have primarily focused on identifying the construct and distinguishing it from entrepreneurship. The proposed model of intrapreneurial learning and performance joins a growing number of works that explore how intrapreneurship contributes to organizational performance. It is suggested that the framework may help scholars identify potential strategies of learning that could help organizations position intrapreneurship as a vehicle for improving organizational performance. Originality/value -The paper postulates an original relationship among individual learning, intrapreneurship, organizational learning, environment, and organizational performance. In this framework, individual and organizational learning combine to offer a unique perspective on the link between intrapreneurship and organizational performance.

Entomopathogenic nematodes are effective biocontrol agents against arthropod pests. However, their efficacy is limited due to sensitivity to environmental extremes. The objective of the present study was to establish a foundation of genetic-based selection tools for beneficial traits of heat and desiccation tolerance in entomopathogenic nematodes. Screening of natural populations enabled us to create a diverse genetic and phenotypic pool. Gene expression patterns and genomic variation were studied in natural isolates. Heterorhabditis isolates were phenotyped by heat-and desiccation-stress bioassays to determine their survival rates compared to a commercial line. Transcriptomic study was carried out for the commercial line, a high heat-tolerant strain, and for the natural, low heat-tolerant isolate. The results revealed a higher number of upregulated vs. downregulated transcripts in both isolates vs. their respective controls. Functional annotation of the differentially expressed transcripts revealed several known stress-related genes and pathways uniquely expressed. Genome sequencing of isolates with varied degrees of stress tolerance indicated variation among the isolates regardless of their phenotypic characterization. The obtained data lays the groundwork for future studies aimed at identifying genes and molecular markers as genetic selection tools for enhancement of entomopathogenic nematodes ability to withstand environmental stress conditions. Domestication and improvement of crop plants and animals have been part of agriculture for thousands of years. Genetic manipulation of beneficial arthropods, such as silkworms and honeybees, has been conducted for hundreds of years 1,2 and genetic improvement programs have also provided innovative methods for controlling insect pests 3,4. Beneficial arthropods have been selected for climate tolerance 5,6 host-finding ability, host preference 7,8 , improved sex ratio 9,10 , increased fecundity 10,11 , and resistance to insecticides 12,13. Unlike the long history and vast research on the use of beneficial insects for biological control, the use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) and the genetic improvement of EPNs is in its infancy. As the use of EPNs for biological control of insect pests becomes practical and commercial due to improvements in production methods 14,15 , the use of powerful genetic tools to improve their performance has been strongly advocated (see reviews 16,17). The only free-living stage of the nematode is the third stage infective juvenile (IJ), a non-feeding larva that lives in the soil, and seeks out and penetrates its host through natural openings 18,19. The IJ is exposed to changing environmental conditions and its lack of tolerance to extreme environmental conditions directly influences the shelf life, quality and field performance. Survival, persistence and shelf-life are critical limiting factors for the commercial use of nematodes as biological control agents 20. These difficulties stem mainly from EPNs' sensitivity to heat and desiccation...

<p>En el proyecto “Co-innovación para el desarrollo de la ganadería familiar en la región de Sierra del Este”, se caracterizó el sistema de innovación regional. Se realizaron entrevistas a informantes calificados y mapeos de actores con las tres organizaciones de productores (OP) integradas al proyecto. Los principales actores del sistema de innovación son el INIA Treinta y Tres, el Instituto Plan Agropecuario y las OP involucradas, la SFR&amp;I de Maldonado, la SR Garzón y la AFR Las Cañas. Los agentes de la investigación (INIA y Fagro-UdelaR) presentan poco vínculo con las OP. Los dispositivos para captar demandas desde los productores no funcionan adecuadamente. Desde la producción no aparece claro la presencia de interlocutores organizados, que interactúen con el sistema. Es necesario mejorar los niveles de capital social de las OP y su capacidad de participación en estructuras de decisión. La Mesa de Desarrollo Rural puede jugar un papel importante.</p>

Objetivo. Evaluar la viabilidad económica y financiera de los sistemas silvopastoriles tradicionales para la producción de Biocombustibles como aporte a la sostenibilidad del proyecto “Piñón para Galápagos”. Materiales y Métodos. Se llevaron a cabo encuestas a 450 pequeños productores ganaderos de 10 cantones de la provincia de Manabí con la finalidad de colectar información agronómica, manejo, costos implicados en establecimiento y producción de los sistemas silvopastoriles vigentes de Piñón (Jatropha curcas L.)/Saboya (Megathyrsus maximus). Para recopilar datos de producción del Piñón establecido en cercas vivas de Piñón INIAP CP041 e igualmente se registró la producción de sistemas en 10 sitios, desde el año 2009. Con estos datos se calcularon los siguientes indicadores financieros radio beneficio/costo (B/C), valor actual neto (VAN), tasa interna de retorno (TIR) y valor de expectativa de la tierra (VET). Resultados. El estudio mostró una disminución de la producción del Piñón con el transcurso del tiempo. El sistema silvopastoril mejorado con Piñón INIAP CP041 mostró B/C 1.07, VAN de USD$ 404.11, VET USD$ 970.23 y TIR de 18%. Seguido del sistema silvopastoril con Piñón local con un B/C 1.06, VAN de USD$ 363.66, VET USD$ 873.10 y TIR de 17% y finalmente sistema silvopastoril sin cosecha del Piñón con un B/C 1.05, VAN de USD$ 285.72, VET USD$ 685.99 y TIR de 15%. Conclusiones. La alternativa de producción de biocombustibles con sistemas silvopastoriles Piñón (INIAP CP041)/Saboya en Manabí es el sistema de mayor rentabilidad y no competiría por superficies de cultivo para la producción de alimentos, sin afectar a la seguridad alimentaria.

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