The tri-functional coating synthesized via CVD copolymerization is comprised of distinguished anchoring sites of acetylene, maleimide, and ketone that can synergically undergo specific conjugation reactions to render surfaces with distinct biological functions, simultaneously. In addition, these tri-functional coatings can be fabricated in a micro-structured fashion on non-conventional surfaces.

Protein molecules immobilized on biomaterial surfaces are performed based on oriented conjugation or replaced mimicking peptides. The sustainable immobilization of growth factor proteins using functionalized parylene coatings is demonstrated in this study. Site-specific and nonspecific immobilization approaches are realized to conjugate bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2). The binding affinities and conformational changes of BMP-2 are confirmed by QCM and SPR characterizations. Osteoinduction of stem cells is examined by ALP activity on the BMP-2 modified surfaces. Finally, immobilizations and equally sustained biological functions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and a mimicking peptide of KLTWQELYQLKYKG (QK) are also examined and confirmed.

The controlled coverage of immobilized biomolecules is introduced, illustrating a concept for designing biomaterial surfaces such that the extent of manipulation employed to elicit biological responses is controlled according to density changes in the underlying chemical motifs and the density of immobilized biomolecules.

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