-Epidemiological research points to the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders among insomniacs. We carried out a cross-sectional study with medical students with the aim of evaluating the association between insomnia and suspicion of psychiatric disorder; 302 medical students were included (184 males and 118 females; mean age = 20.47±1.89 years). The main association was tested by logistic regression analysis. The overall prevalence of positivity in a screening test for psychiatric disorder was 22.19%; and of insomnia, 28.15%. Difficulty initiating sleep (OR=3.45), difficulty maintaining sleep (OR=7.61), falling asleep later (OR=1.99) and waking up earlier (OR=1.91) were associated with suspicion of psychiatric disorder. As a group, the variables difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, falling asleep after 11 pm, and waking up before 6 am presented an odds ratio of 5.96 for positivity in the screening for psychiatric disorder. Furthermore, difficulty maintaining sleep (OR=2.24) was associated with "being female," and falling asleep later (OR=0.43) was associated with "being male". These results underscore the importance of determining in what cases difficulty sleeping may have severe clinical repercussions or affect performance.KEY WORDS: insomnia, psychiatric disorder, sleep, gender. Associação entre insônia e screening para doença mental pelo SRQ-20 em estudantes de medicinaRESUMO -Estudos epidemiológicos têm mostrado alta prevalência de transtorno psiquiátrico em pessoas com insônia. Realizamos estudo transversal em amostra de estudantes de medicina, com o objetivo de avaliar a associação entre insônia e positividade na triagem para transtorno psiquiátrico; 302 estudantes foram incluídos (184 homens e 118 mulheres; média da idade = 20.47±1,89 anos). A associação foi testada através da análise de regressão logística. A prevalência de teste positivo na triagem para transtorno psiquiátrico foi 22,19%; e de insônia, 28,15%. Dificuldade para iniciar o sono (OR=3,45), dificuldade para manter o sono (OR=7,61), dormir tarde (OR=1,99) e levantar cedo (OR=1,91) foram as variáveis associadas à possibilidade de transtorno psiquiátrico. Quando consideradas em conjunto, as variáveis "dificuldade em iniciar o sono", "dificuldade em manter o sono", "dormir após 23 h" e "acordar antes das 6 h" apresentaram razão de chance de 5,96 para positividade na triagem para transtorno psiquiátrico. Além disso, dificuldade em manter o sono (OR=2,24) foi associada ao sexo feminino; e dormir tarde (OR=0,43), ao sexo masculino. Esses resultados enfatizam a importância de determinar em que caso a dificuldade com o sono pode ter repercussões clínicas severas ou afetar o desempenho.

ContextWhether all degrees of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and peri-intraventricular haemorrhage (PIVH) have a negative impact on neurodevelopment.ObjectiveTo determine the impact of PVL and PIVH in the incidence of cerebral palsy, sensorineural impairment and development scores in preterm neonates. Registered in PROSPERO (CRD42017073113).Data sourcesPubMed, Embase, SciELO, LILACS, and Cochrane databases.Study selectionProspective cohort studies evaluating neurodevelopment in children born preterm which performed brain imaging in the neonatal period.Data extractionTwo independent researchers extracted data using a predesigned data extraction sheet.Statistical methodsA random-effects model was used, with Mantel-Haenszel approach and a Sidik-Jonkman method for the estimation of variances, combined with Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman correction. Heterogeneity was assessed through the I2 statistic and sensitivity analysis were performed when possible. No funnel plots were generated but publication bias was discussed as a possible limitation.ResultsOur analysis concluded premature children with any degree of PIVH are at increased risk for cerebral palsy (CP) when compared to children with no PIVH (3.4, 95% CI 1.60–7.22; 9 studies), a finding that persisted on subgroup analysis for studies with mean birth weight of less than 1000 grams. Similarly, PVL was associated with CP, both in its cystic (19.12, 95% CI 4.57–79.90; 2 studies) and non-cystic form (9.27, 95% CI 5.93–14.50; 2 studies). We also found children with cystic PVL may be at risk for visual and hearing impairment compared to normal children, but evidence is weak.LimitationsMajor limitations were the lack of data for PVL in general, especially for the outcome of neurodevelopment, the high heterogeneity among methods used to assess neurodevelopment and the small number of studies, which led to meta-analysis with high heterogeneity and wide confidence intervals.ConclusionsThere was no evidence supporting the hypothesis that PIVH causes impairment in neuropsychomotor development in our meta-analysis, but review of newer studies show an increased risk for lower intelligence scores in children with severe lesions, both PIVH and PVL. There is evidence to support the hypothesis that children with any degree of PIVH, especially those born below 1000 grams and those with severe haemorrhage, are at increased risk of developing CP, as well as children with PVL, both cystic and non-cystic.

The high prevalence of prescription of drugs not appropriate for children confirms, in the Brazilian context, the inadequate and inadvertent use of drugs either not approved or off-label for PICU use. This demonstrates the need to encourage further studies on the quality, efficacy and safety of drugs for pediatric use.

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Objective: To analyze the frequency of unlicensed (UL) and offlabel (OL) prescriptions in neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital and to determine their association with patients' severity. Methods:Observational cohort study including drugs prescribed during hospitalization of neonates over a 6-week period between July and August 2011. The drugs were classified as UL and OL for dose, frequency, presentation, age group, or indication, according to an electronic list of drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Patients were followed until hospital discharge or 31 days of hospitalization, with daily records of the Neonatal Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (NTISS). Results:We identified 318 prescription items for 61 patients (average of five items/patient); there were only 13 patients with appropriate use of medications (21%). A prevalence of 7.5% was identified for UL prescriptions and 27.7% for OL, and the most prevalent OL use was that related to age group -19.5%. Fifty-seven medications were computedone patient received 10 UL/OL drugs during hospitalization. The prevalence of OL uses was higher in preterm infants < 35 weeks and in those with higher severity scores (p = 0.00). Conclusions:The prevalence of neonates exposed to UL/OL drugs during hospitalization was high, especially for those with higher NTISS scores. Although there is general appreciation that neonates, especially preterm infants, have a high rate of drug use, an assessment including different cultures and countries is still needed to prioritize areas for future research in the pharmacotherapy of this vulnerable population.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2012;88(6):465-70: Drugs, drug labeling, injury severity score, neonatology. ResumoObjetivo: Avaliar a frequência da prescrição de medicamentos de uso não licenciado (UL) e off-label (OL) em recém-nascidos internados em unidade de tratamento intensivo neonatal de hospital de nível terciário e verificar a associação do seu uso com a gravidade dos pacientes.Métodos: Estudo observacional de coorte dos medicamentos prescritos no período de 6 semanas da internação de neonatos, entre julho e agosto de 2011. Os medicamentos foram classificados em UL e OL para dose, frequência, apresentação, faixa etária e indicação, de acordo com bulário eletrônico aprovado pela Food and Drug Administration. Os pacientes foram acompanhados até alta hospitalar ou 31 dias de internação, com registro diário do Neonatal Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System. Resultados:Foram identificados 318 itens de prescrição para 61 pacientes (média de cinco itens/paciente) e apenas 13 pacientes com uso de medicamentos adequados (21%). Identificaram-se prevalên-cias de 7,5% para prescrições UL e de 27,7% para OL. O uso OL mais prevalente foi para medicamentos não padronizados para faixa etária -19,5%. Computaram-se 57 medicações -um paciente recebeu 10 fármacos UL/OL na internação. A prevalência de usos OL foi maior em prematuros < 35 semanas e nos com escores de gravidade mais ele...