Aims:To determine the pattern of ocular disorders in HIV-positive patients in a tertiary ospital in Nigeria. Study Design: A cross-sectional hospital based study on confirmed HIV positive adult patients attending the HIV clinic in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Duration of Study: November and December 2011. Methodology: Consecutive patients within the inclusion criteria were recruited until the required sample size was met. The visual acuity was tested using the Snellen's chart and the illiterate Echart. Ocular examination of the adnexial and anterior segments were done using a pen torch and a slit lamp biomicroscope. Fundoscopy was done using a direct and indirect ophthalmoscope as well as with a 90D lens. Other information such as CD4 count and HIV serotype were retrieved from the patient's case notes. The data was analysed using EPI-info version 7.0. Statistical methods such as the frequency and chi-square were used to test the significance of association. Level of significance was drawn at P<0.05. Results: A total of 411 patients were enrolled in this study. The age range was between 18-69 years with a mean age of 36.9 years. There was a female preponderance with a male to female ratio of 1:2. Ocular disorders were seen in 37.1% of patients studied. The commonest manifestation Arowolo et al.; IJTDH, 39(3): 1-9, 2019; Article no.IJTDH.53024 2 was the ocular adnexial manifestation and conjunctival microvasculopathy ranked highest (15.6%) in this group. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus was seen in 5 (1.2%) patients, presumed squamous cell carcinoma in 12(2.9%) and Kaposi sarcoma in 3(0.7%). Chorioretinitis was found in 12(2.9%), retinal microvasculopathy in 19(4.6%) and maculopathy in 15(3.6%). There was no case of CMV retinitis. Conclusion: Ocular findings seen in HIV-positive patients were mostly adnexial and occurred in 37% of the study population. Original Research Article

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IntroductionVision screening study in primary school children has not been done in Bayelsa State. This study aims to screen for refractive error among primary school children in Bayelsa State and use the data to plan for school Eye Health Program.MethodsA cross sectional study on screening for refractive error in school children was carried out in Yenagoa Local Government Area of Bayelsa State in June 2009. A multistage sampling technique was used to select the study population (pupils aged between 5-15 years). Visual acuity (VA) for each eye, was assessed outside the classroom at a distance of 6 meters. Those with VA ≤6/9 were presented with a pinhole and the test repeated. Funduscopy was done inside a poorly lit classroom. An improvement of the VA with pinhole was considered refractive error. Data was analyzed with EPI INFO version 6.ResultsA total of 1,242 school children consisting of 658 females and 584 males were examined.About 97.7% of pupils had normal VA (VA of 6/6) while 56 eyes had VAs ≤ 6/9. Of these 56 eyes, the visual acuity in 49 eyes (87.5%) improved with pinhole. Twenty seven pupils had refractive error, giving a prevalence of 2.2%. Refractive error involved both eyes in 22 pupils (81.5%) and the 8-10 years age range had the highest proportion (40.7%) of cases of refractive error followed by the 9-13 year-old age range (37%).ConclusionThe prevalence of refractive error was 2.2% and most eyes (97.7%) had normal vision.

Objective: To evaluate the ability of primary school teachers to perform simple vision screening on their school pupils, so as to determine if they can provide the first level of school vision screening services, and refer to the ophthalmologist for further evaluation when necessary. Methods: Using a multi-stage sampling technique, 130 teachers were randomly selected from 13 schools in Port Harcourt Local Government Area of Rivers State. They were trained for six hours at a skills acquisition workshop on vision disorders in children and vision screening using Snellen visual acuity charts. Subsequently, they screened 1,300 of their pupils, who were all re-screened by the research team. Results: One hundred and ten female (84.6%) and 20 male teachers (15.4%) participated in the study. Seventy (53.8%) were from public schools while 60 (46.2%) were from private schools. The sensitivity of the teachers' visual acuity test, compared to that of the research team, was 53.3%, with a high specificity of 94.6%. The positive and negative predictive values of the teachers' test were also high. The teachers' visual acuity measurements showed moderate agreement with that of the research team with a Kappa score of 0.604. Conclusion: The study concluded that trained primary school teachers can effectively perform vision screening in school children using Snellen visual acuity charts for early detection and treatment of vision disorders in school pupils.

The purpose of this study is to report a case of bilateral congenital eversion of the upper eyelid in an 8 h- old male baby. JD is an 8 h-old male baby born by normal vaginal delivery after prolonged labor, to a 24-year-old primigravida. Pregnancy was said to be term but was complicated by pregnancy-induced hypertension. A midwife delivered the baby and it was by spontaneous vertex delivery. He was said to have cried immediately after birth, but shortly afterward parents noticed a reddish fleshy swelling over the eyes and this made it difficult for them to see the eyeballs. The reddish swelling steadily increased in size necessitating their prompt referral to our center. On examination, a full term baby was seen with complete eversion of both upper eyelids and marked conjunctival chemosis. Ocular examination revealed normal globes with healthy cornea and briskly reactive pupils. The child was admitted and started on 3-hourly chloramphenicol ointment, ciloxan eye drop (ciprofloxacin hydrochloride United States Pharmacopeia equivalent to ciprofloxacin 0.3% w/v) - 8 times daily and 5% hypertonic saline patch over the chemosed conjunctiva. The pediatrician was also invited to co-manage the patient. After 9-days of treatment, the conjunctival chemosis fully resolved and lids reverted back to normal position. At 4-week follow-up, the lids continued to maintain their normal position and child could now open eyelids spontaneously. Congenital upper eyelid eversion is a rare clinical entity even though it is said to be commoner in blacks. Knowledge of its complete resolution with conservative management will help in future management of such cases thereby preventing complications that may arise from poorly treated cases.