Construction 4.0 is the adoption and adaptation of the Industry 4.0 framework for the construction sector. Industry 4.0 promises to revolutionize how ‘things’ are made by using physical and digital technologies in an integrated manner. Similarly, the authors envision that the Construction 4.0 framework can fundamentally change the way that assets are designed, constructed, and operated. The idea of the Construction 4.0 developed from the need of the construction sector to overcome the existing horizontal, vertical, and longitudinal fragmentation and to take a holistic approach to the improvements needed in the industry. In this study, a literature review of Industry 4.0 and its influence on the construction sector was undertaken. Based on this systematic literature review, the authors define the Construction 4.0 framework and provide its benefits and barriers to implementation. A key finding of the study is that building information modeling, and a common data environment form the key foundation for the implementation of the Construction 4.0 framework. In defining the Construction 4.0 framework, the paper described its components and how its implementation is likely to proceed. The authors envision that by adopting Construction 4.0, the industry can transform itself into a highly efficient, quality-centered, and safe industry capable of successfully delivering the demands placed on it by society.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a taxonomy of transportation waste in construction production processes based on lean construction (LC) principles. Design/methodology/approach The research methodology used is case study and the main stages for the identification of the transportation waste in two construction projects were: mapping physical flows; measurement of transportation time; and monitoring of transportation waste events; assessment of the taxonomy. Findings The main contribution of this paper is the proposition of a taxonomy of transportation waste in construction production processes through the understanding of the transportation waste causes and consequences. Research limitations/implications Although the literature reviewed addresses sources from different parts of the world, the case studies performed are limited to one country, Brazil. However, the studies were carried out in two different construction sites separated by more than 3,000 km. Practical implications All data collected during the taxonomy application can be organized in order to develop an improvement plan. Moreover, if data collected is disseminated, there is the potential to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the construction sector. Social implications Although the paper does not explore in depth the impact of the study on society or policy, the theme of waste minimization is focused on cost reduction, and one way to do that is through the flow management for waste minimization. Originality/value The paper discusses the concept of transportation waste of production in construction based on LC philosophy, through the understanding of its causes and consequences.

Resumo ste artigo tem como objetivo apresentar o processo de identificação, mensuração e caracterização das perdas por transporte nos fluxos físicos de processos construtivos, considerando suas incidências, tempos, causas e consequências. A abordagem metodológica adotada foi Design Science Research, desenvolvida a partir de dois estudos de caso em processos ainda poucos empregados no Brasil, quais sejam, revestimento com argamassa projetada e Light Steel Frame. Esses estudos foram conduzidos a partir das etapas de identificação dos fluxos físicos, identificação da distribuição dos tempos dos trabalhadores e caracterização das perdas por transporte. Múltiplas fontes de evidências, ferramentas e técnicas foram utilizadas para a organização dos eventos de perda por transporte, associados a suas causas e consequências. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a maior parte das perdas por transporte foram ocasionadas por problemas de mobilidade dentro do canteiro. Problemas causados pela falta de equipamentos apropriados foram os que mais perda de tempo ocasionaram. A redução das condições de segurança e a necessidade de um novo transporte foram as principais consequências observadas. As principais contribuições deste estudo estão relacionadas ao maior entendimento da natureza das perdas por transporte, à adoção de ferramentas e indicadores para a caracterização das perdas por transporte do ponto de vista de sua incidência e tempos, bem como uma proposta de classificação das principais causas e consequências para a caracterização dessas perdas. Palavras-chaves:Construção enxuta. Perdas na construção. Perdas por transporte. AbstractThis paper aims to present the process of identification, measurement and characterization of transport wastes in construction processes, taking into consideration their incidence, times, causes and consequences. The method adopted was Design Science Research, carried out through two case studies in processes that are still sparsely used in Brazil, i.e., the projected mortar coating system and the Light Steel Frame technology. The studies were conducted through the following steps: identification of physical flows, identification of the distribution of workforce production time, and identification and quantification of transport wastes' causes. Multiples sources of evidence, tools and techniques were used for the data collection in order to describe each transportation waste event, asociated on its cause and impacts. The findings indicated that most of the transport waste events were caused by problems related to access and mobility on the jobsite, however, the problems caused by lack of appropriate equipment to carry out the transport activities were the most common cause of lost time. Unsafe conditions and new transport were the principal consequences observed. The main contributions of this study are related to an improved understanding of the nature of the transportation wastes, as well as the definition of a set of tools and indicators to characterize transport waste, and a proposal of class...

The Work Sampling (WS) technique has been used in the construction industry since the 1960s to understand how workers spend their time. However, the WS categories have exhibited variation throughout history due to interpretation and application discrepancies. This lack of consensus on what represents Value-Adding-Work (VAW) and Non-Value-Adding-Work (NVAW), has hindered the use of data from previous WS studies for further analysis. For this reason, this research aims to understand how the data obtained from the WS application can be analyzed to discuss value. To address this question, the authors adopted a case study as the primary research strategy. The phenomenon of the present study comprises the activities involved in the renovation process in residential buildings. The phenomenon is studied through the application of the WS technique. The authors adopted previous analyses from the existing literature and proposed new types of analyses. The discussion section presents various kinds of analysis based on a breakdown of categories into codes: (1) general analysis; (2) a category breakdown analysis; (3) one single component/material analysis; (4) recategorized activities analysis; and (5) correlation analysis. The proposal of a detailed code classification, named breakdown work sampling, represents the main novelty of this study.