Although tremendous efforts have been devoted to understanding the origin of boosted charge storage on heteroatom-doped carbons,n one of the present studies has shown aw hole landscape.H erein, by both experimental evidence and theoretical simulation, it is demonstrated that heteroatom doping not only results in ab roadened operating voltage,but also successfully promotes the specific capacitance in aqueous supercapacitors.I np articular,t he electrolyte cations adsorbed on heteroatom-doped carbon can effectively inhibit hydrogen evolution reaction, ak ey step of water decomposition during the charging process,w hich broadens the voltage windowo fa queous electrolytes even beyond the thermodynamic limit of water (1.23 V). Furthermore,t he reduced adsorption energy of heteroatom-doped carbon consequently leads to more stored cations on the heteroatomdoped carbon surface,t hus yielding ab oosted charge storage performance.

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Although tremendous efforts have been devoted to understanding the origin of boosted charge storage on heteroatom‐doped carbons, none of the present studies has shown a whole landscape. Herein, by both experimental evidence and theoretical simulation, it is demonstrated that heteroatom doping not only results in a broadened operating voltage, but also successfully promotes the specific capacitance in aqueous supercapacitors. In particular, the electrolyte cations adsorbed on heteroatom‐doped carbon can effectively inhibit hydrogen evolution reaction, a key step of water decomposition during the charging process, which broadens the voltage window of aqueous electrolytes even beyond the thermodynamic limit of water (1.23 V). Furthermore, the reduced adsorption energy of heteroatom‐doped carbon consequently leads to more stored cations on the heteroatom‐doped carbon surface, thus yielding a boosted charge storage performance.

Oriented covalent immobilized β2 -adrenergic receptor (β2 -AR) CE (OIRCE) was developed to determine the interactions between a set of natural extracts of Radix Paeoniae Rubra (NERPR) and β2 -AR, and to predict the activity of NERPR. The inner capillary surface is chemically bonded with stable β2 -AR coating via microwave-assisted technical synthesis. The modified capillaries were characterized via infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, the bonding amounts of β2 -AR were first obtained via fluorescence spectroscopy method. In determining the amount of bonded β2 -AR, the regression equation A  =  576 707C + 35.449 and the correlation coefficient 0.9995 were obtained. This result revealed an excellent linear relationship in the range of 2 × 10(-4)  mg/mL to 1 × 10(-3)  mg/mL. The normalized capacity factor (KRCE ) was obtained using OIRCE in evaluating drug-receptor interactions. Related theories and equations were used to calculate KRCE values from apparent migration times of a solute and EOF. The order of KRCE and the binding constant (Kb ) values between drugs and β2 -AR was well consistent. The results confirmed that the OIRCE and KRCE values can be effectually used to investigate drug-receptor interactions, and OIRCE has the potential to predict drug activity and to select leading compounds from natural chemicals.

In this study carbon materials with a hierarchical pore structure have been fabricated through a scalable and template free solvothermal method in the presence of metal catalysts, where the presence of metal catalysts was found to be essential for the initial polymerization process. The as‐prepared carbon contained trace amounts of metal residues and exhibited highly efficient catalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Among all the metal catalysts studied, cobalt containing porous carbon exhibited the highest ORR electrocatalytic activity with great tolerance to methanol crossover and excellent long‐term cycling stability, outperforming the commercial 30 % (w/w) Pt/C catalysts. The great performance may be contributed to the unique porous structure, the large specific surface area of cobalt‐doped carbon and chemical activity of cobalt. The result provides useful guidance for the development of carbon‐based electrocatalysts.