On the CoverA calibration technician in the Radiological Calibration and Standards Laboratory performing a bench-top calibration of an alpha-sensitive continuous air monitor. The laboratory calibrates over 15,000 radiation detection instruments a year.Torso calibration phantoms are used at the In Vivo Radioassay and Research Facility to calibrate lung counting systems.The shielded enclosure around the k-fluorescence x-ray machine provides a "clean" spectrum for performing nearly mono-energetic photon energy response testing of instruments and dosimeters. The researcher is setting up a horizontal angular dependence evaluation of finger ringer dosimeters.This document is intended to serve as a reference guide for PNNL staff and clients who desire technical information about the broad capabilities of the Radiation and Health Technology Laboratories. The document has been expanded and revised several times to add additional information as requested by its users. We welcome comments and suggestions for future revisions. SummaryThe Radiological Standards and Calibration Laboratory (RS&CL) at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) provides a broad mix of calibration and testing services within a single organization. Its staff of over 50 individuals includes several nationally recognized leaders in the fields of dosimetry, performance testing, and radiological calibrations. The laboratory provides a unique mix of radiological and environmental testing and characterization facilities that give clients access to a broader variety of test capabilities than is typically available within a single laboratory. The organization performs instrument, radiological source, and dosimetry calibrations; maintains the reference standards necessary to trace the Hanford Site programs and other research-and quality-related programs to national standards; performs environmental effects testing on equipment and materials; performs non-destructive assay for special nuclear material; and performs in vivo assay of radioactive materials. This document describes the facilities and procedures used to accomplish this mission.The specialized facilities developed to support calibrations, dosimetry, in vivo bioassay, and instrument performance evaluations include the following:

The Hanford Internal Dosimetry Program, administered by Pacific Northwest ~aborator~(~) for the U.S. Department o f Energy, provides routine bioassay monitoring for employees who are potenti a1 ly exposed to radionucl ides in the workplace. This report presents the technical basis for routine bioassay monitoring and the assessment of internal dose at Hanford. The radionuclides of 58 concern include tri t i um, corrosion products (Co, 60~o, 54~n, and 59~e), strontium, cesium, iodine, europium, uranium, plutonium, and americium. Sections on each of these radionuclides discuss the sources and characteristics; dosimetry; bioassay measurements and monitoring; dose measurement, assessment, and mi tigation; and bioassay follow-up treatment. (a) Pacific Northwest Laboratory is operated by Battell e Memorial Institute for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In the production of this report, the authors gratefully acknowledge the invaluable support of R. J. Traub as peer reviewer, S. K. Ennor as editor, and Marge Johnston, Marianna Cross, Rose Moreno, and Margot White as word processors.

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PrefaceThis manual provides the scientific and technical foundations for bioassay program design and interpretation, and for the assessment of occupational intakes and internal doses. The Hanford Internal Dosimetry Project Manual (PNNL-MA-552) (a) applies these foundations to define the recommended worker bioassay monitoring programs and internal dose assessment efforts at the Hanford Site.According to the DOE Internal Dosimetry Program Guide (DOE G 441.1-3, 03-17-99), a technical basis document should record the approach to evaluating internal doses from bioassay data, and where appropriate, from workplace monitoring data. It should also describe the physical and chemical characteristics of radioactive materials encountered in the workplace; methods for calculating internal doses and dose equivalents and the methods for documenting those calculations; dose evaluation quality assurance; recording and reporting practices for internal dosimetry; selection of workers for monitoring; and establishment of the type and frequency of measurements to be used. Furthermore, statistical methods for evaluating bioassay data, identifying bioassay results above environmental background values, using appropriate blanks, and analyzing trends should be described.This manual describes the basic methods and biokinetic models used for bioassay program design, interpretation, and internal dose assessment. These methods and models are combined with good practices and professional judgment to give the operational recommendations for routine and special bioassay monitoring contained in the Hanford Internal Dosimetry Project Manual (PNNL-MA-552). The actual selection of workers for monitoring and the characterization of the physical, chemical, and radiological properties of contaminants in the many Hanford facilities are the domain of the individual Hanford contractors.The recommendations in this manual are provided as guidance, not requirements, to personnel responsible for designing and operating bioassay monitoring programs and evaluating bioassay results. Commitments by contractors to use these recommendations may be found in the contractor radiation protection plans. This manual is on a 3-year revision schedule, however individual sections are revised as necessary, and upon revision, commence their own 3-year revision cycle.

Various Hanford Site radiation protection services provided by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy Richland Operations Ofice and Hanford contractors are described in this annual report for calendar year 1996. These activities include external dosimetry measurements and evaluations, internal dosimetry measurements and evaluations, in vivo measurements, radiological exposure record keeping, radiation source calibration, and instrument calibration and evaluation. For each of these activities, the routine program and any program changes or enhancements are described, as well 8s associated fasks, investigations, and studies. Program-related publications, presentations, and other staff professional activities are also described.