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The chitinolytic bacterium Clostridium paraputrificum strain M-21 produced 2.2 and 1.5 mol hydrogen gas from 1 mol N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and ball-milled chitin equivalent to 1 mol of GlcNAc, respectively, at pH 6.0. In addition, strain M-21 efficiently degraded and fermented ball-milled raw shrimp and lobster shells to produce hydrogen gas: 11.4 mmol H2 from 2.6 g of the former and 7.8 mmol H2 from 1.5 g of the latter. Hydrogen evolution from these shell wastes were enhanced two fold by employing acid and alkali pretreatment. Waste from the starch industry was also converted to hydrogen. When C. paraputrificum M-21 was cultivated on ball-milled chitin and ball-milled shrimp shells for 14 and 12 h, respectively, chitinases ChiA and/or ChiB were detected as the major chitinase species in the supernatant of the cultures, suggesting that the play a critical role in the degradation of chitinous materials.

17.5%. Antiprotozoal effect of SRE and GE were confirmed in the present study. One possible mechanism to explain the inhibitory effect on protozoal growth is the change in the cell membrane permeability, as they form complexes with cholesterol in protozoal cell membranes and cause cell lysis (Hess et al., 2003). The structure and mechanism of action of garlic extract and its main active components on rumen microbial fermentaion are different from other compounds. Busquet et al. (2005) suggested that the antimethanogenic effect of garlic and its active components was the result of direct inhibition of Archaea microorganisms in the rumen. Archaea have unique membrane lipids that contain glycerol linked to long chain isoprenoid alcohols essential for the stability of the cell membrane (Kongmun et al., 2010). Goel et al. (2008) reported that Sesbania saponins decreased methanogen population by 78% and increased Fibrobacter succinogenes (21%-45%) and Ruminococcus flavefaciens (23%-40%). Pen et al. (2006), observed that the inclusion of Quillaja saponaria extraxt (QSE) resulted in decrease in protozoal population by 41%, but there was no effect on methane production. The other study informed the reduction of methanogens number by reduction of protozoa, as 10%-20% of total methanonogens reside in close assosiation with protozoa (Kumar et al., 2009). Ranilla et al. (2007) who conducted a study on the sheep rumen in vitro informed that the absence of ruminal protozoa in the rumen ecosystem decreased feed digestibility and methane proportion. CONCLUSION The supplementation of 1.8 g S. rarak extract and 0.25 ppm garlic extract per kilogram ration represents the best combination for dairy cattle feed containing adeguate Cr, Se, and Zn minerals to improve ruminal fermentation based on feed digestibility, fermentation products, and rumen bacterial population. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Appreciations are forwarded to Jenderal Soedirman University (UNSOED) for funding this study via contract number :435/UN23/PN.01.00/2012.

Hermetia illucens larvae (HiL) has been studied because of its capability to break down organic waste. HiL can convert waste biomass efficiently, that can be used as future feedstuffs. This study aimed to evaluate the fatty acids composition from HiL oil (HiLO) which reared on the different substrates. The experimental was compared of (1) HiL reared on palm kernel meal and (2) HiL reared on 80% industrial waste mix with 20% organic waste. The chemical composition of HiL measured base on the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The Hermetia illucens larvae oil (HiLO) was extracted according to the modification of the Soxhlet extraction procedure. Fatty acid compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). The data collected and analyzed as descriptive. The results of this study ether extract content of HiL (1) 51.46% higher than HiL (2), this is due to substrate types. Fatty acids of both are almost the same and the most dominant are lauric acid 40.54% and 46.72%, oleic acid 17.48% and 15.98%, palmitic acid 14.55% and 12.12% and myristic acid 15.57 and 11.13 %, respectively for each HiLO (1) and (2). The conclusion of this study is the HiL reared on different substrates affect lipid content but the fatty acid composition is similar.