No abstract

Specific retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists, such as LG100268 (LG268), and the thiazolidinedione (TZD) PPARgamma agonists, such as rosiglitazone, produce insulin sensitization in rodent models of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In sharp contrast to the TZDs that produce significant increases in body weight gain, RXR agonists reduce body weight gain and food consumption. Unfortunately, RXR agonists also suppress the thyroid hormone axis and generally produce hypertriglyceridemia. Heterodimer-selective RXR modulators have been identified that, in rodents, retain the metabolic benefits of RXR agonists with reduced side effects. These modulators bind specifically to RXR with high affinity and are RXR homodimer partial agonists. Although RXR agonists activate many heterodimer partners, these modulators selectively activate RXR:PPARalpha and RXR:PPARgamma, but not RXR:RARalpha, RXR:LXRalpha, RXR:LXRbeta, or RXR:FXRalpha. We report the in vivo characterization of one RXR modulator, LG101506 (LG1506). In Zucker fatty (fa/fa) rats, LG1506 is a potent insulin sensitizer that also enhances the insulin-sensitizing activities of rosiglitazone. Administration of LG1506 reduces both body weight gain and food consumption and blocks the TZD-induced weight gain when coadministered with rosiglitazone. LG1506 does not significantly suppress the thyroid hormone axis in rats, nor does it elevate triglycerides in Sprague Dawley rats. However, LG1506 produces a unique pattern of triglycerides elevation in Zucker rats. LG1506 elevates high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in humanized apolipoprotein A-1-transgenic mice. Therefore, selective RXR modulators are a promising approach for developing improved therapies for type 2 diabetes, although additional studies are needed to understand the strain-specific effects on triglycerides.

The retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist bexarotene can cause clinically significant hypothyroidism in cutaneous T cell lymphoma patients. The mechanism by which the RXR agonist produces this effect is unclear. We have studied the impact of a selective RXR agonist (rexinoid), LG100268, on rat thyroid axis hormones and show that the acute phase of hypothyroidism is associated with reduced pituitary TSH secretion. A single oral administration of LG100268 to naive Sprague Dawley rats causes a rapid and statistically significant decline in TSH levels (apparent in 0.5-1 h). Total T(4) and T(3) levels decline more gradually, reaching statistical significance 24 h after treatment. Increasing doses of LG100268 produce greater suppression of thyroid axis hormones. To investigate the mechanism(s) mediating this suppression, we determined pituitary TSHbeta mRNA, TSH protein levels, and TRH-stimulated TSH secretion. Two hours after treatment, neither TSHbeta mRNA nor TSH protein levels were altered by LG100268. However, LG100268 treatment reduced the area under the curve for TRH-stimulated TSH secretion by 54%. We have identified an unexpected mechanism by which rexinoids induce hypothyroidism by acutely reducing TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary. This mechanism is independent of the rexinoid's previously demonstrated inhibition of TSHbeta gene transcription.

No abstract

The clinical utility of a flow cytometric assay (FCA) for intracellular HIV p24 antigen was evaluated in a group of HIV‐1‐infected subjects. A previously described method, p24‐FCA (1), was modified to minimize nonspecific staining and to include irrelevant isotype‐matched control antibodies. Blood mononuclear cells from 32 HIV‐1 seropositive subjects and 14 HIV‐1 seronegative controls were examined. In HIV‐1 seropositive individuals, the proportion of CD4+ lymphocytes that bound the p24 monoclonal and the isotype control antibodies were not different. The frequency of cells binding p24 antibodies increased with declining CD4 counts and was highest in patients with low CD4+ lymphocyte counts. Although results of p24‐FCA do reflect disease progression, the high nonspecific binding of monoclonal antibodies in infected subjects obscures specific p24 binding and precludes its use as an accurate measure of infection within single cells. Cytometry 33:83–88, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.