BACKGROUNDOsteoporosis is a condition where the structural and functional integrity of the bones are altered to an extent where the bone material is not sufficiently completed enough to perform its basic function of support, load bearing and component of metabolic pool of osteogenic minerals.

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Aim: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in North East India Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is an increasingly prevalent condition which predisposes the individual to diabetes mellitus (DM) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is made as per the AHA/NHLBI 2005 criteria. As per this criteria, metabolic syndrome can be diagnosed by the presence of any 3 of the ve factors (elevated waist circumference, elevated triglycerides, reduced HDL-C, elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting glucose). This study is being conducted to study the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, 100 adult patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected. Physical examination was conducted including BMI, waist circumference and blood pressure. Blood samples were collected after 14 hours fasting for estimation of serum fasting glucose, serum HDL-C, serum LDL-C, serum triglyceride (TG) and serum cholesterol. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the study subjects was accordingly calculated. Results: Among the participants, 57 % were males and 43 % were females. The median age was 57 years (range from 34-78 years). 67% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in this study had metabolic syndrome while 33% did not have metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among males and females was 61% and 74% respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is quite high among patients with diabetes mellitus. Increased waist circumference was the most common abnormal parameter among others for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Application of lower cut-off values for waist circumference among Asians may help in increasing the diagnostic yield.

BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common and dreadful complication of uncontrolled diabetic mellitus, which can eventually lead to blindness. Diabetic retinopathy is classified into two stages, non-proliferative and proliferative. This study was carried out to find the serum uric acid levels and glycaemic status of diabetic retinopathy cases in proliferative and nonproliferative phases. The present study was undertaken to evaluate and to assess the relationship of these factors with progress of retinopathy, both from diabetics without retinopathy to diabetic retinopathy and from non-proliferative to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The study was carried out on 90 individuals consisting of 30 normal healthy cases as control and 60 cases of diabetes mellitus as test subjects. The test group was further subdivided into test group I comprising of controlled cases of Diabetic mellitus and test group II which included uncontrolled cases of Diabetes mellitus with retinopathy. Estimation of HbA1c was done using spectrophotometer (Spectra scan UV2600) and rest of the biochemical tests including serum uric acid was done by colorimetric principle in a colorimeter HbA1c% and serum uric acid levels were compared with controls and test group I and test group II by unpaired 't' test HbA/c%, serum uric acid level and duration with retinopathy was assessed by chi-square test. The results were taken as significant when the probability (p) is less than 0.05 as % of the observing values of 't' at a particular degree of freedom.