Background:Recently, emulgel has emerged as a potential hydrophobic drug delivery method. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the phytochemical content of Oryza sativa extract and develop an emulgel formulation using Carbapol 940 as a gelling agent. Materials and Methods: The emulsion was placed in a gel basis after preparation and the formulations were evaluated for their rheology, pH, spreading coefficient, stability, and sun protection factor. Then, phytochemical analysis of O. sativa extract was used to determine the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, quinones, monoterpenoids, and sesquiterpenoids, as well as triterpenoids and steroids. Results: The entire formulations of O. sativa emulgel extract filled the emulgel formulation criteria. Furthermore, O. sativa emulgel protects against UV radiation, as indicated by the SPF value in each formulation, which increases as the dose of O. sativa extract increases. Based on the results, formulations 2 and 3 have an SPF of 5.71±0.063 and 16.07±0.072, respectively. These suggest that they both fill the Indonesian National Standard, which requires a sunscreen preparation with a minimum of four protection. Conclusion: Consequently, O. sativa emulgel extract can serve as a novel sunscreen agent against UV radiation. However, further study is required to ascertain the mechanism of action of the active chemicals found in O. sativa that function as an antioxidant and give protection against UV radiation.

Indonesia has the world's country second largest forest biodiversity, with 28,000 plant species, of which 2,500 species, including Castanopsis costata, commonly known as "Cep-cepan", are used as medicine. 9-10 C. costata belongs to the Fagaceae family and has been known to exhibit therapeutic activities, for instance, anti-fever, digestive issue alleviation, and analgesic properties. 11 According to previous studies, C. costata exhibits numerous biological properties, including antioxidant activity, 12 antiinflammatory activity, 13 and antimalaria activity. 10 Furthermore, in North Sumatra, the plant is frequently used to treat diabetes, however, there are no studies confirming this practice. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of the extract and fractions of C. costata leaves. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant material collection and preparationAbout 10 kg of fresh C. costata leaves were collected in Pancur Batu Districts, North Sumatra, and transported to the Central Laboratory, Buana Perjuangan Karawang University for cleaning, air drying, milling, and extraction. The Herbarium Unit of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Universitas Padjadjaran later recognized the plant as C. costata (Code: 219/HB/04/2017). Reagents and instrumentsThis study induced diabetes in Swiss albino mice using alloxan monohydrate (Sigma Chemical

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Diabetes is a degenerative disease caused by unhealthy lifestyles in the case of type 2 diabetes. Hyperglycemia occurs due to endocrine disruption resulting in defective insulin secretion, insulin resistance or both. Avocado (Persea americana) has been known to have pharmacological activity, one of which is as an antidiabetic. Treatment using natural ingredients should be based on scientific evidence. This review journal was compiled from the online literature of local and international journals. Electronic search by keyword Persea americana, Plant Parts, Chemical Compounds and Antidiabetic Activity at several sites, such as NCBI, Elsevier and Pubmed. It is known that various parts of the Persea americana plant contain saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols and steroids. These compounds are responsible for various pharmacological activities that are caused.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui stabilitas krim ekstrak etanol daun reundeu (Staurogyne elongata (Blume) O.Kuntze) dengan variasi konsentrasi paraffin cair dan setil alkohol. Perbandingan konsentrasi paraffin cair dan setil alkohol yang ditambahkan pada sediaan yaitu F1 (5% dan 2%), F2 (10% dan 4%), F3 (15% dan 8%). Krim dibuat dengan cara peleburan. Metode uji stabilitas dilakukan dengan cara sediaan disimpan pada suhu kamar dan suhu 40C selama 4 minggu. Parameter pengujian fisik krim yang dilakukan meliputi uji tipe emulsi, organoleptik, daya sebar, homogenitas, viskositas, pH dan daya lekat. Penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa sediaan krim yang memiliki stabilitas paling baik serta memenuhi standar uji yaitu formula F1 dengan konsentrasi paraffin cair 5% dan setil alkohol 2%, dengan hasil pengujian sifat fisik (siklus 0) sediaan yaitu memiliki tipe emulsi minyak dalam air (m/a), organoleptik (bau: khas lemah etanol daun reundeu; warna: hijau; tekstur: kental), memiliki tekstur yang homogen, pH 7,3, daya lekat 7,3 detik, daya sebar 5,3 cm, dan viskositas 4.783 cP.