OBJETIVOS: analisar quantitativamente a relação entre o uso de substantivos e verbos em situação de fala espontânea em pré-escolares em desenvolvimento normal de linguagem, bem como analisar a classificação dos verbos utilizados na mesma amostra de fala. MÉTODOS: amostras de fala de sessenta pré-escolares (divididos em três grupos de acordo com sua faixa etária e pareados quanto ao sexo) obtidas em contexto educacional por meio de interação lúdica. RESULTADOS: a análise dos dados demonstrou que o uso de verbos predominou em todos os grupos não havendo diferenciação entre os sexos. Com relação aos tipos de verbos, os sexos têm desempenho semelhante: o de maior ocorrência foi o intransitivo, sendo que em GI e GII o segundo mais freqüente foi o de ligação e em GIII foi o transitivo direto. CONCLUSÃO: este estudo demonstrou que os pré-escolares estudados utilizam mais verbos que substantivos desde o segundo ano de vida, sendo que o verbo mais freqüente foi de tipo intransitivo em todas as faixas etárias seguido pelo verbo de ligação nos segundo e terceiro anos de vida e pelo transitivo direto no quarto ano de vida. Finalmente, constatou-se não haver diferenças significantes nos aspectos aqui mencionados para meninas e meninos.
This study examined executive functioning and reading achievement in 106 6- to 8-year-old Brazilian children from a range of social backgrounds of whom approximately half lived below the poverty line. A particular focus was to explore the executive function profile of children whose classroom reading performance was judged below standard by their teachers and who were matched to controls on chronological age, sex, school type (private or public), domicile (Salvador/BA or São Paulo/SP) and socioeconomic status. Children completed a battery of 12 executive function tasks that were conceptual tapping cognitive flexibility, working memory, inhibition and selective attention. Each executive function domain was assessed by several tasks. Principal component analysis extracted four factors that were labeled “Working Memory/Cognitive Flexibility,” “Interference Suppression,” “Selective Attention,” and “Response Inhibition.” Individual differences in executive functioning components made differential contributions to early reading achievement. The Working Memory/Cognitive Flexibility factor emerged as the best predictor of reading. Group comparisons on computed factor scores showed that struggling readers displayed limitations in Working Memory/Cognitive Flexibility, but not in other executive function components, compared to more skilled readers. These results validate the account that working memory capacity provides a crucial building block for the development of early literacy skills and extends it to a population of early readers of Portuguese from Brazil. The study suggests that deficits in working memory/cognitive flexibility might represent one contributing factor to reading difficulties in early readers. This might have important implications for how educators might intervene with children at risk of academic under achievement.
This study makes this questionnaire available in Brazilian Portuguese. For parents of Brazilian children with cochlear implants, lexical development(acquisition and use of words) is the variable that relates most to the quality of life of their children.
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