DM is a disease where the level of glucose (simple sugar) in high blood because the body cannot release or use insulin adequately. Type 2 diabetes can cause various chronic complications such as diabetic foot disorders. The number of DM patients in Bukittinggi Achmad Mochtar Hospital has increased in the last 2 years. In 2017 there are 1,350 DM patients, in 2018 there are 1,400 DM patients who visit the International Clinic. Information obtained from officers at the Achmad Mochtar Hospital International Police that officers did not provide health promotion about diabetic ulcers to DM patients who visited the internal poly. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship level of knowledge and duration of suffering from diabetes with the incidence of diabetic ulcers. Descriptive analytic research method with cross sectional design. The population was all type 2 DM patients who visited the Bukittinggi Achmad Mochtar Hospital interne poly, with an average number of 117 people per month. The number of samples is 54 people, with sampling using accidental sampling. Data was processed and analyzed using the chi-square test. The results of univariate analysis showed that 72.2% of respondents had high level of knowledge, 61.1% had long suffered from DM and 79.6% had no diabetic ulcer. Bivariate results have a correlation between level of knowledge with the incidence of diabetic ulcer (p = 0,000) and there is a relationship between knowledge and incidence of diabetic ulcer (p = 0.036 and OR = 8.696). It was concluded that there was a relationship between level of knowledge and duration of suffering from diabetes with the incidence of diabetic ulcers. It is expected that the hospital management will make counseling information on diabetic ulcers for DM patients visiting the Bukittinggi Achmad Mochtar Hospital interne poly.

As estimated having an increased incidence of about 50% until 2040, the diabetic condition could be augmented primarily from astaxanthin contained in carotenoids. This research examines and compares the influence of WSSP and AST complement on Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) level and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) induced high-fat diet streptozotocin (HFD-STZ) in T2DM rats. WSSP 0.89gr/200gr/d (X1) and 1.77gr/200gr/d (X2) groups; and AST supplement 0.09mg/200gr/d (X3) groups were compared with both of positive (K1) and negative (K2) groups. The treatments were administered orally for 21 days to 25 Wistar rats which each group consisted of 5 rats. HOMA-IR and TAC levels were measured by ELISA and ABTs method respectively. TAC levels significantly increased in treatment groups than K1 group (p = 0.008). The increase in the TAC level of the X2 group was greater than the X1 group (p = 0.017). HOMA IR levels were significantly lower in treatment groups than K1 group (p = 0.009). X2 group had a greater decrease in HOMA IR levels compared to X1 (p = 0.016). In consequence, the research findings show a utilitarian effect of WSSP in increasing TAC and decreasing the HOMA-IR index.

Gangguan aktivitas kualitatif atau kuantittatif jaringan ginjal pada diabetes melitus merupakan gangguan metabolisme dan homeostasis glukosa yang ditandai dengan hiperglikemia yang terjadi secara kronis karena menurun dan atau berkurangnya sensitifitas reseptor insulin dalam tubuh. Sungkai (Paronema canescens Jack) terdapat kandungan antioksidan seperti flavonoid, folifenol, alkaloid tanin, dan saponin. Flavonoid dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah dengan kemampuannya sebagai zat anti oksidan. Penelitian ini menguji efektivitas seduhan daun sungkai terhadap profil glukosa darah dengan indikasi terjadinya perubahan kadar glukosa darah, dan terjadinya proses kerusakan jaringan organ ginjal pada tikus wistar diinduksi diabetes melitus. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain true experiment dengan randomized pre-post-test with control group design. Hasil penelitian data selisih kadar gula darah tikus sebelum dan sesudah intervensi memperlihatkan terjadinya penurunan kadar gula darah pada kelompok K+(40.00±37.084), P-1 (90.17±24.441), P-2 99.17±14,442), sedangkan pada kelompok K- (-.83±2.927) terjadi penurunan.  Hasil uji paired t-test memperlihatkan nilai P value pada masing-masing kelompok adalah K- (P= .517), K+ (.046), P-1 (P= .001), P-2 (P= .001), sehingga terdapat pengaruh pemberian rebusan daun sungkai terhadap kadar gula darah pada tikus wistar yang diinduksi diabetes melitus. Penelitian ini juga menunjukan adanya perbedaan kerusakan jaringan organ ginjal tikus disetiap kelompok perlakuan pada persentase yang berbeda. Hasil analisis komposisi kandungan antioksidan dan flavonoid yang cukup tinggi pada daun Sungkai diyakini menjadi indikasi terjadinya perbaikan jaringan ginjal yang semakin membaik pada dosis sungkai yang lebih tinggi.

This study aims to determine the relationship between the mother's level of awareness about the pathology of pneumonia and the duration of breastfeeding under five with the incidence of pneumonia in DR. M.A. Hospital Hanafiah. This research is a retrospective analytic descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. The results showed that mothers' awareness of pneumonia was lower by 71.8%, they breastfed their babies for less than six months (71.8%), and more than two-thirds of children under five (76.9%) were diagnosed with pneumonia. Furthermore, statistical analysis significantly correlated the mothers' awareness of pneumonia and the duration of breastfeeding they performed on their children with pneumonia. The conclusion is that the mother's understanding of pneumonia has a linear effect on the incidence of pneumonia in infants and toddlers. The duration of breastfeeding has a significant impact. We assume that non-exclusive breastfeeding in infants stimulates underweight and immunological disorders that accelerate the incidence of pneumonia.   Keywords: Mother's Awareness, Length of Breastfeeding, Toddler Pneumonia

Penyakit diabetes melitus di dunia diperkirakan akan mencapai angka 783 juta pada tahun 2045, dan salah satu pengobatan yang bisa dilakukan adalah pemberian Kawa Daun yang mengandung flavonoid serta klorofil sebagai salah satu antioksidan untuk menurunkan kadar glukosa darah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuktikan efektifitas rebusan kawa daun dalam penurunan kadar glukosa darah dan perbaikan sel beta pankreas pada tikus diabetes melitus. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian true experiment-pre post control group design. Penelitian inni menggunakan tikus wistar (2-3 bulan, 200 g, n= 28 ekor). Kelompok (K-) tidak diintervensi+pakan biasa, (K+) tikus DM (aloksan)+ tidak diberi kawa daun+pakan biasa, (P1) tikus DM (aloksan)+ rebusan kawa daun 3,6 mL /200 g BB/hari+pakan biasa, (P2) tikus DM (aloksan)+ rebusan kawa daun 7,2 mL/200 g BB/hari+pakan biasa. Intervensi dilakukan selama 14 hari melalui oral. Kadar glukosa darah diukur menggunakan sprektrofotometer dan kondisi sel beta pankreas dilihat melalui pemeriksaan histopatologi dengan pewarnaan Hematoxilyn Eosin (HE). Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan penurunan kadar glukosa darah pada kelompok intervensi dibandingkan dengan kelompok (K+) (p= 0,001). Penurunan kadar glukosa darah  kelompok P2(∆=139.33 mg/dl ± 38,45) lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kelompok P1(∆=109.17 mg/dl± 35,32). Hasil pemeriksaan histopatologi memperlihatkan bahwa terjadi perbaikan sel beta pada pulau Langerhans pankreas pada kelompok intervensi dibandingkan dengan kelompok (K+). Luas kerusakan pada kelompok (P2) lebih sedikit jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok (P1). Penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa pemberian rebusan kawa daun dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah dan memperbaiki kerusakan sel beta pankreas pada hewan uji.