Breast cancer is the most common cancer suffered by women with 1.67 million new cases in the world by 2012 with a mortality rate of 12.9%. Tamoxifen is a standard therapy for breast cancer but can cause endometrial and thromboembolic cancer. Andrografolid is an active compound from Andrographis paniculata which has antiproliferation activity of MCF-7 breast cancer cells with IC50 was 61.11 μM. The purpose of this study was to design andrographolide modification structures as human estrogen receptor alpha (hER-α) antagonists. Molecular docking simulation results showed that the andrographolide and AND5 (best andrographolide derivative) have free binding energy (ΔG) values were -9.65 kcal/mol and -12.43 kcal/mol, respectively, and hydrogen bonds were formed with Gly521, Asp351, and Met343. The ΔG value of ANDS was lower than tamoxifen (-11.40 kcal/mol). Pharmacophore modeling results showed that andrographolide and AND5 had a high pharmacophore-fit value of 46.39% and 63.47%, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulation using MM-PBSA calculation method, showed that the hERα-AND5 system has a value of ΔGTOTAL = -50.52 kcal/mol compared to the hERα-estradiol system as an agonist with a value of ∆GTOTAL = -40.86 kcal/mol . These results suggested that AND5 has better affinity for hERα compared to estradiol so that AND5 is a very promising anti breast cancer agent.Keywords: Andrographolide, molecular dynamics, breast cancer, molecular docking, estrogen receptor alpha
Sediaan injeksi merupakan sediaan steril yang bebas dari kontaminasi pirogenik, endotoksin, partikulat, stabil secara fisika, kimia, dan mikrobiologi, isotonis, dan isohidris. Salah satu faktor penting untuk memastikan sediaan injeksi terbebas dari partikulat adalah inspeksi visual oleh seorang operator, keakuratan dari hasil inspeksi visual ini sangat bergantung kepada ukuran partikel dan pengalaman dari operator Tujuan literature review ini menjelaskan prosedur pelaksanaan inspeksi visual dengan tepat dan tahapan yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan objektifitas hasil inspeksi, sehingga hasil yang ditetapkan tidak bias. Beberapa metode yang berpengaruh terhadap inspeksi visual ini diantaranya kontras background pengujian, cahaya, pergerakan partikel, waktu dan kecepatan inspeksi, serta jumlah operator. Pembuatan analisis bagan pareto yang cacat, pembuatan persetujuan spesifikasi cacat, evaluasi kinerja inspeksi, hingga sertifikasi operator dapat diterapkan untuk meningkatkan objektifitas dari hasil visual inspeksi. Keputusan hasil inspeksi visual pada akhirnya ditentukan oleh ketelitian, penglihatan dan pengalaman dari seorang operator.Kata kunci : Inspeksi visual, Metode, Operator, Steril.
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