Genetic variations in individuals may cause differences in the response to cholinesterase inhibitor drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Through this review, we aimed to understand the potential relationship between genetic polymorphisms and treatment response in AD. We conducted a systematic review of the studies published from 2006 to 2018 that assessed the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and the pharmacotherapeutic outcomes of patients with AD. Via several possible mechanisms, genetic polymorphisms of many genes, including ABCA1 , ApoE3 , CYP2D6 , CHAT , CHRNA7 , and ESR1 , appear to have strong correlations with the treatment response of patients with AD. Indeed, these genetic polymorphisms, either in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms or direct changes to one or more amino acids, have been shown to cause differences in the therapeutic response. In summary, our findings indicate that genetic polymorphisms should be considered in the management of AD to achieve both effective and efficient treatment outcomes in terms of cost and prognosis.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer suffered by women with 1.67 million new cases in the world by 2012 with a mortality rate of 12.9%. Tamoxifen is a standard therapy for breast cancer but can cause endometrial and thromboembolic cancer. Andrografolid is an active compound from  Andrographis paniculata which has antiproliferation activity of MCF-7 breast cancer cells with IC50 was 61.11 μM. The purpose of this study was to design andrographolide modification structures as human estrogen receptor alpha (hER-α) antagonists. Molecular docking simulation results showed that the andrographolide and AND5 (best andrographolide derivative) have free binding energy (ΔG) values were -9.65 kcal/mol and -12.43 kcal/mol, respectively, and hydrogen bonds were formed with Gly521, Asp351, and Met343. The ΔG value of ANDS was lower than tamoxifen (-11.40 kcal/mol). Pharmacophore modeling results showed that andrographolide and AND5 had a high pharmacophore-fit value of 46.39% and 63.47%, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulation using MM-PBSA calculation method, showed that the hERα-AND5 system has a value of ΔGTOTAL = -50.52 kcal/mol compared to the hERα-estradiol system as an agonist with a value of ∆GTOTAL = -40.86 kcal/mol . These results suggested that AND5 has better affinity for hERα compared to estradiol so that AND5 is a very promising anti breast cancer agent.Keywords: Andrographolide, molecular dynamics, breast cancer, molecular docking, estrogen receptor alpha

To this day, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has not shown signs of abating. Moreover, the virus responsible for the pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has evolved into three different variants. This phenomenon highlights an even greater need to develop drugs and vaccines to control the rate of infection and spread of the disease. As of July 7, 2020, at least 160 vaccine candidates, 21 of which have entered the clinical trial phase, have been developed. This article describes the latest advances in development, reliable platforms, strategies used, and challenges that remain in developing COVID-19 vaccines.

Objectives: CDK2 is a protein that plays a role in regulating the cell cycle where its overexpression contributes to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Inhibition of CDK2 has been known to be one of the mechanisms of various anticancer drugs. Curcumin is an active compound of Curcuma Longa which have been reported to inhibit the activity of Cyclin D, Cyclin E, CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6. Material and Methods:This study aims to design more active curcumin derivatives as anticancer drugs by targeting CDK2 through a molecular modelling approach. In brief, the process consist of receptor and ligand preparation, method validation, pharmacophore modelling, and docking simulation. Results:The results of molecular docking simulation show that the free bonding energy (∆G) of curcumin and kurkumod 23 and 24 (the best modification of curcumin) are -7.80, -9.15, and -9.36 kcal/mol respectively. The hydrogen interaction between kurkumod 23 and 24 with CDK occurred on Lys33 residue which is considered as a potential interaction side for CDK2 inhibitor compounds. Pharmacophore modelling showed that kurkumod 23 and 24 have a pharmacophore-fit value of 45.20% and 47.26% respectively. Conclusion:Based on the study result, it can be considered that kurkumod 23 and 24 are the best and most potential modifications of curcumin as CDK-2 antagonist, which is based on the interactions that occur between these two derivatives with amino acid residues from the CDK2 receptor.

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