With the advent of the information age, VR video streaming services have emerged in large numbers in scenarios such as immersive entertainment, smart education, and the Internet of Vehicles. People are also demanding an increasing number of virtual-reality (VR) services, and service providers must ensure a good user experience. Therefore, the quality of the VR user’s experience is receiving increasing attention from academia and industry. The review in this paper focuses on a comprehensive summary of the current state of quality-of-experience (QoE) technologies applied to VR video streaming. First, we review the main influencing factors of QoE and VR video streaming. Second, the user QoE for VR evaluation is discussed. Third, the modeling of QoE for VR video streaming, the QoE-oriented VR optimization problem, and enabling techniques of machine learning for VR video streaming improvement are summarized. Lastly, we present current challenges and possible future research directions.

The networking of virtual reality applications will play an important role in the emerging global Internet of Things (IoT) framework and it is expected to provide the foundation of the expected 5G tactile Internet ecosystem. However, considerable challenges are ahead in terms of technological constraints and infrastructure costs. The raw data rate (5 Gbps–60 Gbps) required achieving an online immersive experience that is indistinguishable from real life vastly exceeds the capabilities of future broadband networks. Therefore, simply providing high bandwidth is insufficient in compensating for this difference, because the demands for scale and supply vary widely. This requires exploring holistic solutions that exceed the traditional network domain, and integrating virtual reality (VR) data capture, encoding, network, and user navigation. Emerging services are extremely inefficient in terms of mass use and data management, which significantly reduces the user experience, due to their heuristic design choices. Other key aspects must be considered, such as wireless operation, ultra-low latency, client/network access, system deployment, edge computing/cache, and end-to-end reliability. A vast number of high-quality works have been published in this area and they will be highlighted in this survey. In addition to a thorough summary of recent progress, we also present an outlook of future developments in the quality of immersive experience networks and unified data set measurement in VR video transmission, focusing on the expansion of VR applications, security issues, and business issues, which have not yet been addressed, and the technical challenges that have not yet been completely solved. We hope that this paper will help researchers and developers to gain a better understanding of the state of research and development in VR.

Radio resource allocation and call admission control are studied in heterogeneous wireless network. A theoretical model of allocating bandwidth and connections is proposed on basis of non-cooperation game theory.Combining with the utility function of network connections, the existence and uniqueness of Nash equilibrium in the processes of non-cooperation game allocating is proved. Furthermore, a call admission algorithm is presented to ensure communication reliability based on the analysis of relationship of traffic intensity and block probability.Simulation results reveal that the allocated mechanism resolves the issues of allocated bandwidth and connections.And it ensures the reasonableness and fairness in general. In addition, the results also show that the call admission control algorithm could guarantee the communication reliability by dynamic adjusting allocated number of connections.

No abstract

No abstract