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Abstract. A population-based surveillance for typhoid fever was conducted in three rural communes of Dong Thap Province in southern Vietnam (population 28,329) for a 12-month-period starting on December 4, 1995. Cases of typhoid fever were detected by obtaining blood for culture from residents with fever Ն 3 days. Among 658 blood cultures, 56 (8.5%) were positive for Salmonella typhi with an overall incidence of 198 per 10 5 population per year. The peak occurrence was at the end of the dry season in March and April. The attack rate was highest among 5-9 year-olds (531/10 5 /year), and lowest in Ͼ 30 year-olds (39/10 5 /year). The attack rate was 358/10 5 /year in 2-4 yearolds. The isolation of S. typhi from blood cultures was highest (17.4%) in patients with 5 to 6 days of fever. Typhoid fever is highly endemic in Vietnam and is a significant disease in both preschool and school-aged children.

Soyfood and isoflavone intake was associated with a lower type 2 diabetes risk in Vietnamese adults.

BackgroundSeveral countries have applied the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) rapid assessment tool (RAT) to estimate the burden of Hib disease where resources for hospital- or population-based surveillance are limited. In Vietnam, we used the Hib RAT to estimate the burden of Hib pneumonia and meningitis prior to Hib vaccine introduction.MethodsLaboratory, hospitalization and mortality data were collected for the period January 2004 through December 2005 from five representative hospitals. Based on the WHO Hib RAT protocol, standardized MS Excel spreadsheets were completed to generate meningitis and pneumonia case and death figures.ResultsWe found 35 to 77 Hib meningitis deaths and 441 to 957 Hib pneumonia deaths among children < 5 years of age annually in Vietnam. Overall, the incidence of Hib meningitis was estimated at 18/100,000 (95% confidence interval, CI, 15.1-21.6). The estimated Hib meningitis incidence in children < 5 years age was higher in Ho Chi Minh City (22.5/100,000 [95% CI, 18.4-27.5]) compared to Hanoi (9.8/100,000 [95% CI, 6.5-14.8]). The Hib RAT suggests that there are a total of 883 to 1,915 cases of Hib meningitis and 4,414 to 9,574 cases of Hib pneumonia per year in Vietnam.ConclusionsIn Hanoi, the estimated incidence of Hib meningitis for children < 5 years of age was similar to that described in previous population-based studies of Hib meningitis conducted from 1999 through 2002. Results from the Hib RAT suggest that there is a substantial, yet unmeasured, disease burden associated with Hib pneumonia in Vietnamese children.

Background Vietnam implemented various public health interventions such as contact tracing and testing, mandatory quarantine, and lockdowns in response to COVID-19. However, the effects of these measures on the epidemic remain unclear. Methods We described public health interventions in relation to COVID-19 incidence. We used maximum likelihood estimations to assess containment delays (time between symptom onset and start of isolation) and multivariable regression to identify associated factors between interventions and COVID-19 incidence. We calculated effective reproductive numbers (Rt) based on transmission pairs. Results Interventions were introduced periodically in response to the epidemic. 817 (55.4%) among 1,474 COVID-19 cases were imported. Based on a serial interval of 8.72 (±5.65) days, we estimated Rt to reduce below 1 (lowest at 0.02 (95%CI 0-0.12)) during periods of strict border control and contact tracing, and to increase ahead of new clusters. The main method to detect cases shifted over time from passive notification to active case finding at immigration or in lockdown areas, with containment delays showing significant differences between modes of case detection. Conclusion A combination of early, strict and consistently implemented of interventions is crucial to control COVID-19. Low-middle income countries with limited capacity can contain COVID-19 successfully using non-pharmaceutical interventions.