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In this chapter, the domestic and foreign approaches to the competences formation of students' innovation activities are examined, the absence of such an important component as scientific and innovative in most standards is revealed. It is shown that one of the fundamental conditions for the formation of innovative competencies among learners is the environment of the educational institution, its orientation towards the maintenance and development of innovative solutions. Various innovative competences for bachelors and masters are described. Recommendations are given on the inclusion in the standards of competencies for the formation of skills in the innovation field.

Electron microscopy studies were conducted for the fine structure of ion-doped layer on 30ChGSN2A steel obtained by ion implantation of monotectic tin-doped copper–lead alloy Cu64Pb36[Formula: see text]Sn. Formation of a multi-level hierarchical structure was detected. The features of formation of each layer were analyzed, and it was found that the main mechanism of formation of these structures is diffusion and relaxation resulting in the occurrence of internal stresses both in the surface layer and in the sheet of 30ChGSN2A steel. Relaxation of elastic stress fields results in translational–rotational deformation forming various vortex structures.

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