A canola (Brassica napus L. var oleífera) é uma cultura alternativa de inverno para rotação, cuja plantabilidade pode ser afetada pela velocidade de semeadura. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos da velocidade de semeadura na distribuição de plantas e produtividade da canola. O experimento de campo foi conduzido no ano de 2017 em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. A cultivar de canola Hyola 61 foi utilizada na semeadura realizada em cinco velocidades de distribuição (2,0; 2,9; 5,3; 7,8; 9,2 km h-1), em fileiras espaçadas a 45 cm e ajustado para distribuir 18 plantas m-1. As variáveis analisadas foram número de plantas m-2, relação entre a população real e a população de referência, espaçamentos múltiplos, aceitáveis e falhos, média das distâncias entre plantas, precisão de distribuição e produtividade de grãos. O aumento da velocidade de semeadura proporcionou maior desuniformidade de distribuição com aumento de espaços falhos e múltiplos bem como redução na percentagem de espaçamentos aceitáveis. A semeadura na velocidade entre 2,0 a 5,3 km h-1 foi considerada satisfatória para proporcionar melhor uniformidade e distribuição das plantas na fileira. A precisão e a produtividade da canola não foram afetadas pelo aumento da velocidade de semeadura. Assim, a qualidade da semeadura da canola depende do ajuste da velocidade de distribuição das sementes.
The present work aims to evaluate the possibility of anticipating the wheat harvest by the application of non-selective herbicides in the pre-harvest conditions, thereby providing productive and economic viability. In total, 13 treatments were executed, which includes the spraying of different herbicide combinations (glufosinate-ammonium, glyphosate, and paraquat) in the phenological stages (Z-83, Z-85, Z-87, Z-92), and treatments without application of herbicides. Further, the treatment step was followed by providing different harvest conditions such as (i) glufosinate-ammonium: 9.5 and 8.8 days, (ii) glyphosate: 11.2 and 10.9 days, and (iii) paraquat: 7.9 and 8.5, where the first numerical value corresponds to number of days for the year 2016 followed by 2017. A mean reduction in seed yield of 4.6 % (BRS Parrudo) and 25.4 % (TBIO Sinuelo) was observed upon application of herbicides in the first two phenological stages. Additionally, an economic loss reaching up to R$ 2512 ha-1, was demonstrated. Therefore, the application of the non-selective herbicides glufosinate-ammonium and paraquat in the pre-harvest results in wheat phytointoxication, however, promoting harvest anticipation in 4.8 and 5.3 days, respectively.
Climatic variables affect soybean yield components. Understanding how they are interrelated is essential for planning and boosting crop productivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the photothermal quotient can be used to predict the productivity and 1000-grain weight of soybean. Five experiments were carried out at the Federal University of Santa Maria in growing seasons of 2013/14 to 2017/18 using the main cultivars (154) sown in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. The experiments were organized in a randomized block design with four replicates, evaluating grain productivity and 1000-grain weight. The results showed that years with the highest grain productivity and 1000-grain weight were associated with regular rainfall and high photothermal quotients (approximately 2.3 MJ m-2). There was a positive and significant correlation between grain productivity and the average number of days without rainfall (r = 0.98). In addition, there was a negative correlation with air temperature (r = -0.8). Air temperature and days without rain are decisive factors for yield and grain weight. The photothermal quotient can be used as a basis for predicting soybean grain productivity.
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