ResumenIntroducción: El consumo de drogas es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial; se viene incrementando en países en vías de desarrollo. Las drogas ilegales, como marihuana e inhalantes (terokal, PVC, benzina y/o acetona), son consumidas cada vez a edades más tempranas. Objetivo: Determinar las características epidemiológicas, personales, escolares y los factores de tipo familiar (involucramiento de los padres con las actividades de sus hijos) que se asocian con el consumo de marihuana e inhalantes por los estudiantes de secundaria de Lima Metropolitana y Callao. Diseño: Estudio analítico y transversal. Lugar: Lima Metropolitana y Callao. Participantes: Cinco mil seiscientos cuarenta y siete estudiantes de 2°, 4° y 5° año de secundaria. Intervenciones: Revisión y análisis de la base de datos del estudio nacional "Prevención y consumo de drogas en estudiantes de secundaria", llevado a cabo por la Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo y Vida sin Drogas, el año 2005. Resultados: La prevalencia de vida de consumo de drogas ilegales en estudiantes de secundaria de Lima Metropolitana y Callao fue de 5,9% (marihuana) y 4,8% (inhalantes). El consumo de marihuana fue más frecuente en hombres (7,6%) que en mujeres (2,71%), p<0,001. El consumo de marihuana e inhalantes fue significativamente más frecuente (p<0,001) en quienes no conviven con sus padres, en quienes tienen dos o más antecedentes de fracaso escolar, en quienes tienen frecuentes problemas de comportamiento en el colegio y en quienes se 'hacen la vaca' (ausentismo escolar). El tipo de colegio (público o privado) no se asoció significativamente con el antecedente de consumo de marihuana e inhalantes. Los factores de riesgo hallados para el consumo de marihuana e inhalantes fueron: tener algún problema de comportamiento o disciplina durante los estudios, dos o más antecedentes de fracaso escolar y 'hacerse la vaca'. Entre los factores de involucramiento familiar, fueron factores protectores: el conocimiento acerca de la ubicación del hijo por parte de los padres luego de la salida del colegio o en los fines de semana, el control de los padres sobre los programas de televisión que mira el estudiante, el comer junto a los padres entre 4 a 7 días a la semana y el informar a sus padres por parte del adolescente sobre el lugar donde sale en las tardes o fines de semana. Conclusiones: Existe una mayor frecuencia de consumo de drogas entre quienes tienen antecedentes de fracaso e indisciplina escolar así como disfunción familiar. Los valores positivos de participación de la familia en las actividades de sus hijos constituyen factores protectores frente al consumo de estas sustancias; el rol familiar es trascendental en la formación del adolescente. Palabras clave: Trastornos relacionados con sustancias; salud escolar; factores de riesgo; salud pública. AbstractIntroduction: Drug abuse is a public health problem worldwide and has increased in developing countries. Illegal drugs such as marihuana and inhalants (terokal, PVC, benzene and/or acetone) are consumed i...
RESUMEN.El objetivo del artículo es realizar una descripción del fenómemo mobbing -acoso laboral-en el contexto de la universidad. Los trabajos realizados sobre este problema no son muy prolíficos lo que puede explicar la gran dificultad para caracterizar el fenómeno en el ámbito universitario. En el presente trabajo presentamos los niveles de incidencia del acoso laboral entre la población universitaria, los tipos de acoso más frecuentes y los efectos producidos en las víctimas, con la finalidad de caracterizar y definir el problema. Al mismo tiempo, intentamos conocer la influencia de determinadas variables como la edad, género y tiempo de victimización. En este sentido, y de acuerdo con otros estudios realizados, encontramos diferencias estadísticas en función del género de las víctimas. Del mismo modo, los resultados apuntan que la frecuencia y duración del acoso laboral afectan negativamente a las víctimas provocando un empeoramiento de los efectos derivados del acoso.Palabras-clave: acoso laboral, universidad, efectos. O FENÔMENO MOBBING ENTRE OS TRABALHADORES DA UNIVERSIDADERESUMO. O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma descrição do fenômeno mobbing -tormento e persecução no lugar do trabalho-no contexto da universidade. Há poucos trabalhos realizados sob este problema nos contextos de educação superior o que pode explicar a grande dificuldade para caracterizar o fenômeno no âmbito universitário. Neste artigo apresentamos os níveis de incidência entre a população universitária, os tipos de mobbing mais freqüentes e os efeitos produzidos nas vítimas com a finalidade de caracterizar e definir o problema. Ao mesmo tempo, tentamos conhecer a influência de determinadas variáveis tais como a idade, gênero ou o tempo de exposição ao fenômeno. Neste sentido, e em concordância com outros estudos realizados, encontramos diferenças estatísticas em função do gênero das vítimas. De igual forma, os dados apontam que a freqüência e duração da situação de persecução no trabalho afetam negativamente as vítimas provocando um agravamento dos efeitos derivados do mobbing.Palavras-chave: mobbing, universidade, efeitos.ABSTRACT. The objective of this article is to carry out a description of mobbing -workplace bullying-within the university context. There are few studies which have focused their interest in this problem into the higher educational sector and it can explain the great difficulties for characterizing and defining the phenomenon into the university context. In this work, we present results about incidence taxes, most frequent mobbing behaviours and the effects on victims in order to characterize and define the problem. At the same time, we try to know about the influence of specific variables as age, gender or time of exposition to mobbing. In this sense, and in agreement with other studies, we found statistical differences related to victims' 458 Justicia e cols. Psicologia em Estudo, Maringá, v. 12, n. 3, p. 457-463, set./dez. 2007gender. In the same way, the results point out that frequency and duration of mobbin...
Introduction. Social competence in school students has been studied extensively in terms of their being socially competent or not. However, there has been little analysis of how teachers contribute to the development of these skills. This research assesses the influence of teachers' assertiveness on the social competence of their students and on class-group cohesion. Method. The sample consisted of 36 teachers and 302 sixth-year Primary School students. Teachers filled in the ADCAs Self-assessment Report on Attitudes and Values in Social Interactions in its AD-CA-pr form, and students completed the AECS Social Attitudes and Cognitive Strategies report, and form A of the BULLS Inter-Pupil Aggressiveness Assessment Test. A first linear regression analysis took attitudes comprising social competence and social incompetence as dependent variables. Independent variables were self-assertiveness, hetero-assertiveness, the teacher's age and gender, and the student's age and gender, as modulators of the effect. We also used a Generalised Estimating Equation model in which the dependent variable was group cohesion and the independent variables were selfassertiveness, hetero-assertiveness, and age and gender of the teacher. Results. Results showed, on one the hand, that the teacher's hetero-assertiveness affected students' social competence, lessening their dominance (antisocial attitude), and on the other, that both selfassertiveness and hetero-assertiveness had an impact on group cohesion, although this effect was mediated by the gender of the teacher and by the construct itself. Discussion and Conclusion. It is confirmed that teacher assertiveness positively influences the development of students' social competence, and more specifically, that of students who manipulate and take advantage of others for their own benefit and feel superior to them, while increasing cohesion among members of the class. Therefore assertiveness appears to be a desirable interpersonal skill for professional teachers.
Research concerning oral language teaching is one of the most unattended fields in linguistic education, both in general terms as well as specifically in Secondary education. This paper tries to take one step towards improving this state of affairs. For this purpose, we create a model for the development of oral discursive competence and we test it in a secondary education course. The pattern of results indicates improvement in the students' oral discursive competence during the development of such a model. This procedure leads to a systematic relation between theory and practice that places us in the scientific scope of the Language Didactics field, a field to which we would like to contribute in an educational and scientific way.
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