In this study, non-ionic surfactants, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters (polysorbate) are chosen to examine the temperature effect on the CMC over a wide temperature range. The enthalpy and entropy of micelle formation are evaluated according to the phase separation model. The surface tension of solutions was determined by means of Du Nöuys ring. The CMC values were taken from the sharp breaks in the surface tension vs. logarithms of surfactant concentration plots. As the surfactants' chain length increases the CMC at a constant temperature decreases, which is directly related to the decrease of hydrophilicity of the molecules. For each surfactant, as the system temperature increases, the CMC initially decreases and then increases, owing to the smaller probability of hydrogen bond formation at higher temperatures. The onset of micellization tends to occur at higher concentrations as the temperature increases. To evaluate the enthalpy of micellization, the CMCs are first correlated by a polynomial equation. It is found that ∆Gºmdecreases monotonically as the temperature increases over the whole temperature range. Both ∆Hºmand ∆Sºmappear to be decrease monotonically with an increase in temperature. The compensation temperature was found to be 42 ºC by linear regression over the whole temperature range and for all three surfactant systems together.

Introduction: One way to reduce medication errors in the cardiovascular settings is to electronically prescribe medication through the computerized physician order entry system (CPOE). Improper design and non-compliance with users' needs are obstacles to implementing this system. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the standard minimum data set (MDS) of this system in order to meet the basic needs of its users. The aim of this study was to introduce MDS in the cardiovascular CPOE drug system to standardize data items as well as to facilitate data sharing and integration with other systems.Material and Methods: This study was a survey study conducted in 1399 in Iran. The study population was all cardiologists in Iran. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 33 questions. Data were analyzed in SPSS-24 using descriptive statistics.Results: A total of 31 cardiologists participated in this study. The participants identified 19 of the 25 drug data items as essential for drug MDS. Five data items (Medication name, Medication dosage, Medication frequency, Medication start date and Patient medication history) were considered essential by more than 90% of the participants.Conclusion: The results of this study identified drug MDS for the cardiovascular CPOE system. The results of this study can be a model for CPOE system designers to develop new systems or upgrade existing systems.

Surface active agents have been used in many pharmaceutical formulations for different purposes as penetration enhancers. In this study, the penetration enhancement activity of four nonionic surfactants from polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters alone and in combination with some short-chain alcohols on red blood cells were investigated. Hemolysis at different concentrations of each nonionic surfactant (0. 1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2%) and ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, glycerol, and propylene glycol (0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10% w/v) were investigated. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) and micellization thermodynamic parameters of tween 80 in presence of ethanol and glycerol at different concentrations were determined. The influence of the ethanol and glycerol on nonionic surfactant micelle formation was evaluated by determining CMC and micellization thermodynamic parameters of tween80 at different concentrations of alcohol-tween mixtures. The mixture of Tween 20 and glycerol have the lowest hemolytic activity while tween 80-ethanol mixture has the highest hemolysis activity. The self-aggregation of surfactant monomers was affected by short-chain alcohols. The structure breaking ability of alcohol and their interactions with the hydrophilic-hydrophobic groups of surfactants might be the main factors for changing the micelle formation. The CMCs of tween 80 was incremented by increasing the concentration of alcohol. The results indicated that by adding and increasing short chain alcohols the CMCs increased also the CMCs were increasing through raising the temperature (while in the presents of surfactants alone the CMCs decreased by raising temperature).

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Background: Oral mucositis is a common debilitating complication of cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy that can reduce the quality of patient’s lives. Hence, treating this condition plays an important role in increasing the patient’s tolerance. Objectives: Doxepin mucoadhesive gel is useful for treating oral mucosa inflammation caused by long-term effects of chemotherapy, which has low adverse effects. Methods: Doxepin gel’s formulation was prepared with various concentrations of poloxamer 407 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in deionized water. The prepared gels were evaluated for pH, appearance, viscosity, spreadability, stability, and drug release. Results: After providing gels containing doxepin, formulations 1, 2, 8, and 9 had low quality and, thus, were removed from the study. Based on qualitative evaluations, formulations 3 and 4 did not meet the criteria for mucoadhesive gel and were removed from the study. The best formulation contained 17% w/w poloxamer 407, 10% w/w hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and 5% w/w doxepin. Conclusions: Suitable physicochemical properties of prepared doxepin mucoadhesive gel enable it to well cover inflamed and damaged oral mucosa. On the other hand, doxepin’s slow release from formulation (8 hours) can increase therapeutic effects and reduce side effects, which can heal and soothe inflammations of the oral mucosa and be useful in cancer patient’s treatment.