Fractal analysis can quantitatively discriminate the trabecular integrity alterations induced by periodontitis and therefore can be recommended for the diagnosis and monitoring of changes in trabecular architecture associated with periodontitis.

The MIC and LF are associated with neurovascular bundle variations in number, location and size. Therefore, clinicians should determine each of these anatomical structures on a case-by-case basis to recognize their presence and to take measures for the possible implications of various treatment options. These guidelines included leaving a 2 mm safety zone between an implant and the coronal aspect of the neurovascular bundle. To avoid neurovascular injury during surgery in the interforaminal area, guidelines were developed with respect to validating the presence of an anterior loop of the neurovascular bundle.

Aim To evaluate the effect of various parameters of periapical lesion(s) on the amount and type of mucosal thickening using cone beam CT images. Methodology CBCT scans of 1000 patients were evaluated retrospectively for the presence of apical lesions in maxillary posterior teeth associated with sinus mucosal thickening. The number of cases with pathological mucosal thickening was recorded and classified according to the amount and type of mucosal thickening. The parameters evaluated as the cause of mucosal thickening were the type and number of posterior teeth, number of root(s), diameter of the periapical lesion and distance between maxillary sinus and lesion. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression was used for data analyses. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used for pair‐wise comparisons. Intrarater reliability was tested by Cohen’s kappa. Results Mucosal thickening associated with periapical lesions was determined in 48% of 202 cases. The most frequently detected extent of mucosal thickening was type 3 (42%), whereas flat type thickening (59%) was the most frequent type. The tooth most frequently associated with mucosal thickening was the maxillary first molar (44%). Parameters significantly affecting the extent of mucosal thickening were gender, number of roots, number of teeth with periapical lesions and diameter of periapical lesions (P < 0.05). The single parameter with an association with the type of mucosal thickening was the number of roots with an apical lesion (P < 0.05). Conclusion Mucosal thickening associated with periapical lesions was observed in almost 50% of all mucosal thickening cases. Therefore, collaboration amongst endodontists and otolaryngologists is mandatory to provide successful treatment and prevent recurrence of maxillary sinusitis.

Objective: This study aimed to assess whether manual segmentation is an accurate method in tooth volume measurement and to compare the outcomes of manual, automatic, and semiautomatic segmentations on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images by comparing each system with the water displacement method, which is the gold standard. Materials and Methods: CBCT images of l0 maxillary impacted teeth were used in this preliminary in vivo study. Following the acquisition of CBCT scans, manual, automatic, and semiautomatic segmentations were completed by the same operator. After surgical removal, the volumes of all impacted teeth were measured with the water displacement method, which was used as the gold standard. The volume of each segmented image was measured in mm 3 using the 3D-Doctor software. The established volumes of each segmented image were compared with those of the gold standard using the 95% confidence interval bootstrap percentiles. Intraobserver reliability was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Results: All segmentation methods revealed significantly different volume values both from the gold standard and from each other (p=0.000). The semiautomatic segmentation demonstrated comparable performance with the manual method, and both systems provided comparable volumes with the gold standard than did the automatic method. Excellent intra-observer intraclass correlations were found for all protocols. Conclusion:The actual volumes of the specimen were not obtained by manual, semiautomatic, and automatic segmentations. Semiautomatic segmentation demonstrated comparable performance to the manual method, whereas automatic segmentation yielded the poorest values. The automatic and semiautomatic segmentations may be improved by the development and utilization of novel or hybrid segmentation algorithms for a faster process and more accurate results.

Background Teeth may have additional roots and a different number of root canals. Overlooked root canals may cause endodontic failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of root canals and the number of roots of premolars in a selected Turkish population. Materials and methods A total of 2,570 teeth from 1,438 patients were evaluated. The cone-beam computed tomography scans of 1,055 maxillary and 1,515 mandibular premolars were examined. Results Type IV root canal morphology was observed most frequently in maxillary first premolars (77%), and the rates of single and double channel formations were very similar (51% and 49%, respectively). Of the second maxillary premolars, 57.4% had Type I morphology, and 89.9% of the teeth were single-rooted, while 68.6% had a single root canal. The most common formation was Type I (85%) among mandibular first premolars, and a single root was observed in 95.6% of these teeth. In addition, 87% of the mandibular first premolars had a single root canal. The second mandibular premolars mostly had Type I (95.4%) formation, and 99.3% of the teeth were single-rooted, while 96.9% had a single root canal. Conclusion According to our findings, 51% of maxillary first premolars had a single root, 79.4% had two root canals, and 77% had Type IV (77%) formation. Maxillary second premolars mostly had Type I formation. In addition, a single root and single root canal formation were most common. Mandibular first premolars generally had a single root and single root canal formation, but 13% had two root canals, and 6.4% had Type V formation. More than 95% of mandibular second premolars had Type I formation.