Abstract-A unique interaction between the influences of body mass index and blood pressure on left ventricular mass index and geometry may contribute to the higher prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in African Americans. This cross-sectional study assessed separate and joint influences of body mass index and blood pressure on left ventricular mass index and geometry in 1729 African American participants of the Atherosclerotic Risk in Communities Study. The association between both left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness and body mass index in each blood pressure category and between these variables and blood pressure in each body mass index category was assessed adjusting for age, diabetes status, hypertension medication, and smoking status. We found that left ventricular hypertrophy and concentric geometry were highly prevalent and that body mass index and blood pressure were independently associated with left ventricular mass index. The adjusted association between blood pressure and left ventricular mass index was stronger with higher body mass index categories; however, there was no significant interaction suggesting merely an additive relationship (not synergistic/multiplicative as tested for in the interaction analysis). Although relative wall thickness was greater with higher categories of body mass index and blood pressure, the mean difference in relative wall thickness between body mass index and blood pressure categories was not statistically significant. The effect on left ventricular geometry as measured by relative wall thickness supports the theory that there is a pathophysiological component in the mechanism of hypertrophy. Key Words: hypertrophy Ⅲ body mass index Ⅲ blood pressure I ncreased left ventricular mass (LVM) as determined by 2-dimensional M-mode echocardiography is a predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. 1,2 In the few earlier studies comparing LVM in African Americans to that in whites, results suggest that in African Americans, LVM is increased compared with other ethnic groups at a given blood pressure, representing a potential racial disparity in cardiac adaptation to hypertension. 3,4 Recent studies have indexed LVM by height and/or body surface area and have not reproduced this racial disparity in LVM severity. 5,6 Disparities in left ventricular (LV) wall thickness still persisted in a number of these studies, and LV wall thickness in itself has been associated with cardiovascular mortality. Despite the question of racial differences in the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and in the patterns of LV remodeling, risk factors contributing to increased LVM and changes in LV geometry have not been extensively investigated in African Americans but mostly in large, predominantly white population-based cohorts such as Framingham Heart Study. Generalizability of these studies to the black population has not been well defined. 7 This report focuses on an analysis of the independent and combined effects of body mass index (BMI) and bloo...

Background: Anosmia is a loss of sense of smell that means inability to perceive odors. Functional anosmia is loss of smell due to nasal obstruction. In contrast, organic anosmia is due to damage of the peripheral olfactory area causing permanent loss of smell as posttraumatic anosmia. Objectives: A diagnostic approach to detect the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection in the olfactory area as a treatment for anosmia. Study design and methodology: A prospective study was done in otorhinolaryngology department, Aswan university hospital, from June 2018 to August 2019; 80 patients were fulfilling the inclusion criteria presented with anosmia were enrolled from otorhinolaryngology outpatient to share in this study. Approximately an amount of 1mL of PRP was injected in each nasal cavity in the olfactory area (located on superior turbinate and superior portion of lateral and medial walls of nasal cavity) guided by nasal endoscope. The procedure is done with follow-up of patients after one month. Results: Results of our study revealed that 46 out of 80 patients (57.5%) said that "their smell came back" while 34 out of 80 patients (42.5%) showed no improvement. Thus these results show no statistical significance between proportion in the group showing improvement and proportion in the group showing no improvement. Five patients with idiopathic anosmia improved with 100% ratio. Conclusion:Although there is no statistical significance difference between the two groups of patients, all patients with idiopathic anosmia were improved.

Ali et al... benefits of these uses acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning is an increasing worldwide problem, particularly in rural areas. They are the most important cause of severe toxicity and death from INTRODUCTlON Organophosphorus pesticides are used widely for agriculture, vector control, and domestic purposes. Despite the apparent