Inflammation is one of the pathophysiological pathways suggested for the development of cardiovascular disease in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The recurrent nocturnal episodes of hypoxia/reoxygenation observed in patients with OSA appear to be partly responsible for the systemic inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of inflammation by measuring the C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen levels, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in the OSA according to gender. This study included 139 apparently healthy subjects with newly diagnosed OSA and 27 control subjects who underwent overnight polysomnography and routine blood tests. Levels of inflammatory markers (CRP, fibrinogen, and ESR) were determined from the blood samples taken in the morning. The levels of CRP and fibrinogen were significantly higher in patients than in controls (p<0.0001 and p=0.001, respectively). Fibrinogen and ESR were significantly higher in the female patients than in the male patients (p<0.0001). In female patients, CRP and ESR correlated with time spent at oxygen saturation (T%SaO2)<90 (R=0.327, p=0.029 and R=0.301, p=0.05, respectively), T%SaO2<85 (R=0.482, p=0.001 and R=0.409, p=0.006, respectively), oxygen desaturation index (ODI) (R=0.298, p=0.047 and R=0.340, p=0.026, respectively), lowest oxygen saturation (SaO2) (R=-0.293, p=0.051 and R=-0.374, p=0.013, respectively), mean SaO2 (R=-0.408, p=0.005 and R=-0.385, p=0.011, respectively). In male patients, CRP correlated with T%SaO2<90 (R=0.267, p=0.009), T%SaO2<85 (R=0.279, p=0.006), mean SaO2 (R=-0.284, p=0.006) and fibrinogen correlated with T%SaO2<90 (R=0.282, p=0.028), and mean SaO2 (R=-0.252, p=0.05). In conclusion, increased values of systemic inflammatory markers and their correlations with sleep data observed in our study support other studies suggesting the possible involvement of inflammation in OSA. As this correlation is more apparent in female patients then the males, it suggests that there may be a stronger relation between OSA development and inflammation in females. Higher levels of CRP, fibrinogen, and ESR may result from the combined interactions of obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and nocturnal hypoxia.

Our results demonstrate that the oxidant/antioxidant balance was spoiled in favor of lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in lung cancer patients. Significant increases in the levels of malondialdehyde and 8OHdG and decreases in the levels of antioxidants suggest the possible involvement of oxidative stress in lung cancer.

The leaves of some plants are flamed and used to dress injured skin, to stimulate healing and to ward off infection. This study aims to determine antioxidant activities of Plantago lanceolata L., Plantago major L. ssp. major, Rubus hirtus Waldst& Kit., Sambucus ebulus L., Morus alba L. and Hedera helix L., which grown in Düzce and its surroundings and are used for anti-inflammatory purposes, and especially for wound-healing. The total phenolic compound of these plants was also evaluated. In order to determine the antioxidant compounds and antioxidant capacity of these plants, different in vitro methods. Resulting from our study, while P. lanceolata, R. hirtus, S. ebulus and P.major ssp. major had similarities in terms of phenolic compounds content, M. alba and H. helix were found to have relatively low content of phenolic compounds. In general, Plantago species and R. hirtus showed high antioxidant activities.

Oxidative stress is one of the pathophysiological pathways suggested for the development of cardiovascular diseases in obstructive sleep apnea. The recurrent nocturnal episodes of hypoxia/reoxygenation observed in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) appear to be partly responsible for the increased oxidative stress. We investigated the relationship between lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in OSA patients with or without metabolic syndrome (MetS). 117 patients that had recently diagnosed OSA with or without MetS, and 25 control subjects were studied. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in fasting blood samples were measured by a high‐performance liquid chromatography method and urine 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) was accessed by a competitive ELISA kit method. The levels of MDA and 8‐OHdG were significantly higher in total apnea patients than in the controls (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.005, respectively). Apnea patients with metabolic syndrome had slightly higher MDA and lower 8‐OHdG levels than those in the patients without metabolic syndrome. The values of 8‐OHdG was correlated with T%SaO2 < 90, T%SaO2 < %85, mean SaO2 (%), and the lowest SaO2 (%) (R = 0.511, P = 0.000, R = 0.420, P = 0.001, R = ‐0.448, P = 0.000, and R = ‐0.437, P = 0.001, respectively) in the severe apnea patients. Significant increases in the levels of MDA and 8‐OHdG support the studies suggesting possible involvement of oxidative stress in OSA. According to the state of the MetS, there is no significant difference in the levels of oxidative stress markers in OSA patients with or without MetS. High correlations between 8‐OHdG and oxygen saturation levels in severe apnea group indicate the role of hypoxia/reoxygenation in DNA damage.