Resumen La retención escolar ha cobrado relevancia en el discurso gubernamental chileno, especialmente desde la promulgación, hace casi 20 años, de la Ley de Gratuidad y Obligatoriedad de la Enseñanza Media, enfocada en garantizar las trayectorias educativas de toda la población. Considerando esto, y que las cifras de deserción siguen presentes en el país, cabe analizar cómo se conceptualiza la retención escolar según el Gobierno Central. En consecuencia, el presente estudio busca dar respuesta a la siguiente pregunta: ¿Cuáles son las conceptualizaciones de retención escolar que se manejan en los documentos gubernamentales? Para ello, desde un enfoque cualitativo, se realizó una revisión documental de todos los archivos emitidos desde la promulgación de la Ley, utilizando la técnica de análisis de contenido categorial temático. Se encontraron definiciones directas y explícitas de la retención como capacidad sistémica e institucional, así como indirectas, asociadas a términos como asistencia y trayectoria educativa exitosa. Los hallazgos revelan la importancia de la retención en los documentos oficiales, entendida como un fenómeno complejo y multicausal que requiere de acciones concretas para su efectividad.
In Chile, despite recognizing the role of schools in retention and dropout, research on the vision of educational actors regarding the conceptualizations attributed to these concepts is scant. Instead, research has focused more on understanding the causes and consequences of the aforementioned phenomena. Using a qualitative approach with a phenomenological scope, this study interviews teachers, school authorities, and support professionals in four schools in Valparaíso, Chile, to understand the meaning and importance they attribute to school retention and dropout. These educational establishments have the particularity of having a high rate of students at risk of dropping out; however, simultaneously, they manage to retain them, according to the indicators designed by the central government. Study shows that school dropout and retention are described as multidimensional phenomena linked to each other, against which schools play an important role. These findings coincide both with what has been described in the literature and what the Chilean Ministry of Education has tried to promote, thereby giving schools more accountability over these educational phenomena and their solution. Therefore, these ways of understanding such concepts could allow laying foundations for systematic action for ensuring successful educational trajectories for young people and adolescents.
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