ZnO nanoparticles are multi-purposes materials that can be synthesized by several methods, including physical and chemical routes. A novel synthesis method of ZnO nanoparticles is the biological method using plant extracts as reducing and capping agents, such as the fruit extract of Averrhoa bilimbi. Plant extracts are superior agents for synthesizing nanoparticles because it provides essential phytochemical substances as reductor, capping agents, and free from toxicants. In this study, the effects of precursor concentrations and the amount of plant extract on the formation and morphology of nanoparticles were investigated. The characteristics of ZnO particles were studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, TEM, and DLS. The study showed that the formation of ZnO nanoparticles occurred after five hours reaction at 70°C, as indicated by color change of the solution. ZnO nanoparticle formation was confirmed by the maximum absorption at the wavelength of 372 nm and XRD analysis. FTIR analysis showed that the as-synthesized ZnO contained significant organic compounds on its surface, especially compared to commercial ZnO. Reduction reactions using A.bilimbi produce nanoparticles in the size from 35.4 to 59.5 nm with round shape and some agglomeration that were observed by TEM. The ZnO antibacterial property was tested against planktonic and biofilm Escherichia coli. The result showed that as-synthesized ZnO have comparable antibacterial antibiofilm property as the commercial ZnO nanoparticles at low concentration. Interestingly, this property was diminished when as-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were used at high concentrations.

Monolaurin is known as a monoglyceride of lauric acid, which act as an emulsifier and antimicrobial. One potential of monolaurin raw materials is palm kernel oil (PKO), which can be fractionated into palm kernel olein (PKOo) and palm kernel stearin (PKS). This study aims to determine the enzymatic glycerolysis influence of PKOo and PKS mixture in different ratios and time, on monoacylglycerol (MAG), diacylglycerol (DAG), and triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles. The Glycerolysis process of PKOo-PKS fat blends were carried out in different ratios of (60:40, 40:60, and 20:80 w/w) using commercial lipases (Lypozime RM IM) at 50°C, with an oil:glycerol molar ratio of 1:4, in a tert-butanol solvent system, between 3 to 24 hours. The results showed that the glycerolysis of PKOo and PKS in different ratios yielded varying product reactions with similar compositions (1.8-3.9% MAG, 73.2-76.4% DAG, and 20.7-24.2% TAG). A higher and not significant MAG was observed during the period of 24 hours. Also, the monolaurin was obtained at the ratio of 40:60 PKOo:PKS, within the glycerolysis time of 3 to 24 hours, at approximately 2.18±0.59% and 3.47±0.62%, respectively. The FTIR analysis also showed that the monolaurin sample was identical to the standard type, with the formation of OH group at wave number and cluster C=O ester of 3368.64 cm-1 and 1734.03 cm-1, respectively.

Rejasa contains bioactive compounds.Production of bioactive compounds can be done through callus cultures. This study will examine rejasa callus the growth of in various types and concentrations of growth regulators. The independent variables of this study are the types and concentrations of growth regulators (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and Picloram). Dependent variable is growth of callus. Callus growth was determined from the percentage of explants that produced callus, time of callus formation, and callus morphology. The explants used were young petioles grown on Murashige& Skoog solid medium with the addition of 2,4-D and Picloram at various concentrations. The results showed that the lowest percentage of callus formation observed in explants grown on medium with addition of 3.5 ppm 2,4-D (27%). The explants grown on medium with the addition of 3.5 ppm picloram showed the highest callus growth percentage (93%). Explant grown on MS medium supplemented with3.5 picloram showed the best average time of the callus induction, 29.9 days. Callus that is formed mostly brown, and in some treatments produce green callus. Based on the results of this study, the best medium for induction of rejasa callus is MS medium with the addition of 3.5 ppmpicloram.

Mount Merbabu National Park is a conservation area with a high diversity of unique flora and fauna. The purpose of this study was an inventory of Plantae Divisio of Pteridophyta in Mount Merbabu National Park, Selo, Boyolali Regency. The method used wes exploration with a zoning system, namely the utilization zone and the core zone. The results were analyzed descriptively on characteristics, habitus, benefits, and distribution. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the diversity of Pteridophyta was 41 species in 2 classes and 14 families. Pteridophyta in 2 classes, namely Lycopodiinae and Filicinae. The species included in the Lycopodiinae were Class are Lycopodium clavatum and Huperzia squarrosa. Other species belong to the Class Filicinae. Pteridophyta characteristics that are most easily seen are sorus and leaf shape. Pteridophyta whose terrestrial habitus was more dominant than epiphytic habitus. The benefits of Pteridophyta include ornamental plants, growing media, various kinds of traditional medicine, and a mixture of organic fertilizers. The spread of Pteridophyta is in a place where the higher it is, the Pteridophyta is, the less the number of Pteridophyta is. Pteridophyta in Sabana with an altitude of 2,571 masl, there was only one species, namely Pteridium aquillinum.