This research reveals the issue of homeschooling. It deals with homeschooling in post-communist countries with a similar tradition of the education system – Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. It defined the basic concepts associated with homeschooling and, through both quantitative and qualitative research, a questionnaire with 78 parents of homeschooled children and a document review compared the homeschooling system in these countries. On the basis of the research findings, it could be stated similar homeschooling conditions provided in each country, differing mainly in the student´s age aimed to. Unschooling, one of homeschooling types, a curriculum-free philosophy, has not been applied and recognized as a legitimate form of education in any of these countries yet. Many parents have been experimenting with educating their children at home though and would welcome it to be legal. Keywords: homeschooling, individual education, qualitative research, unschooling.

The purpose of the article is to explore the musical themes that are part of the complex of components used in literary works for a more expressive emotional understanding of the written text. Music is commonly referred to as an art of direct and strong emotional effects, a mirror of the soul, or an unmediated language of feelings. When the emotional effect of a deep and complex musical piece of art is juxtaposed with the mental experiences emerging as a result of life's circumstances, there are a number of surprising phenomena to be encountered. The research methodology. A complex approach to material plays a crucial role in our research in the emotional expression of music and language, particularly in the function of music in literature. The novelty of the article is to identify the complex components of the emotional effects of a literary work through music. Conclusions. It is proved that similarly to speech, music is composed to be heard. What is more, an understanding of the emotional expression of a written text-when read silently-relies on auditory and vocal experience. We are aware of the fact that emotion is not, as a rule, carried over by a single component of music, such as the melody by itself, rhythm and tempo by themselves, dynamics by themselves, or just the quality of sound by itself. Expressive information in words and music is a matter of the whole context and as such is carried by a complex of components. Therefore, rather than seeing them in isolation, our research defines such components in their literary context. We model our own emotions, which in turn become an important part of our emotional life. However, we do not model them on the basis of fabricated constructs or schemes, but rather on the basis of the codes that convey them in real life, i.e. linguistic and musical sounds.

The purpose of this paper is to characterize the types and forms of continuing vocational education applied in selected Slovak companies and their benefits for employee performance. The basic concepts, i.e. compulsory and voluntary vocational training of employees, obligations of the employer and the employee related to these forms of education are defined in the paper in accordance with the law. Most of the mandatory trainings are intended for all employees of a given employer entity and concern occupational safety and health, first aid, fire protection, as well as trainings focused on regular verification and renewal of employees' skills. Voluntary educational activities are based on the interests and needs of employees. Questionnaire and interview methods were applied in the empirical research. The target number of respondents selected from two divisions of the statistical classification of economic activities in the Slovak Republic was 120. The research results presented in the tables show the types and forms of education/training applied in the analyzed companies, classified by the number of participants, duration and repetitiveness of the training. The research results confirm that mandatory training courses are organized in all the companies surveyed, while voluntary continuing education in these companies is most often conducted as a one-time educational activity of short duration.

Educational practice currently deals with the emotions of preschool children to a small extent, so we are of the opinion that their preparation is not sufficient for the school and for life, too. We came to this knowledge when we were working with preschool children hospitalized in hospital. The aim of the presented study is to analyse the opportunities of developing cognitive functions of preschool children through working with their emotions. The goal was set because of that in the practice is not the sufficient account of an association of the child’s cognitive and emotional development. We approached this goal through qualitative and quantitative research, in which the level of partial cognitive functions of children before and after working with their emotions were diagnosed. To diagnose children from the research group, we used the B. Sindelar method and the B. Bays method “PATH”. In the practical part we present the goal of the research - the importance of the relationship between cognitive functions and emotions. The sub-targets are formulated in research questions and hypotheses about differences in children's performance, which were statistically verified. Based on the survey, a discussion and conclusions for practice are formulated.

<p>Family and emotional relationships governing its functioning have a great influence upon the development of a person and his/her adult life. The specificity of a family environment is believed to be the key factor which either protects against, or contributes to, the emergence of developmental disorders during adolescence. Research results<br />presented in this paper aim at highlighting the relationships between traits of family environment and children’s anxiety level. The research was conducted from 2015 to 2016 among 180 students of Polish junior high schools located in both: rural and urban areas.</p><p> Šeima ir emociniai ryšiai daro didelę įtaką vaiko raidai ir suaugusiojo gyvenimui. Manoma, kad šeimos aplinkos specifika yra esminis veiksnys, kuris arba apsaugo nuo vystymosi sutrikimų paauglystės laikotarpiu atsiradimo, arba juos sukelia. Straipsnyje pateikiami tyrimų rezultatai siekia pabrėžti ryšį tarp šeimos aplinkos ypatybių ir vaikų nerimo lygio. Tyrimas buvo atliekamas 2015 m., apklausiant 180 Lenkijos aukštesniųjų<br />klasių mokinių iš kaimiškųjų vietovių ir miestų</p>