Quantitative resistance is postulated to be more durable than qualitative (R-gene mediated) resistance, which is usually quickly overcome by the pathogen population. Despite its wide use for nearly 10 years in France, the French bread wheat cultivar Apache remains resistant to stripe rust. Here, we investigated the genetic architecture of cv. Apache resistance to examine whether its durability could be explained by quantitative characteristics. We identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) by composite interval mapping of disease progress data recorded throughout 4 years of field assays. These assays included inoculation with three different pathotypes on a segregating population originating from a cross between cv. Apache and cv. Taldor, a French cultivar susceptible to stripe rust. Three QTLs derived from Apache, QYr.inra-2AS, QYr.inra-2BL and QYr.inra-4B, were detected. Each of these QTLs contributed between approximately 15 and 69 % of the phenotypic variance and corresponds to a race-specific resistance gene. We showed that QYr.inra-2AS and QYr.inra-2BS map to the positions of Yr17 and Yr7, respectively, whereas QYr.inra-4B corresponds to an adult plant resistance gene. Our results demonstrate that a combination of two or more race-specific resistance genes can confer durable resistance provided that it is properly managed at a continental level. Race-specific resistance genes should not be removed from breeding programs provided that they are properly managed.

Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV) is a major concern for cereal crops in Europe and North America. A strong increase in the occurrence of WSSMV has been observed in each French region where susceptible cultivars are cultivated. Most European bread wheat cultivars are resistant, but assessing the status of newly registered cultivars or breeding lines regarding WSSMV resistance is of importance. This paper describes a genome‐wide association study carried out on a panel of 163 cultivars and tested for their resistance to WSSMV. Two regions on chromosomes 5B and 7D showed minor effects on WSSMV resistance. More importantly, a large genomic region on chromosome 2D explained most of the resistance to WSSMV. More than 99% of the cultivars carrying the AA genotype at the most associated marker (Excalibur_c15426_661) were resistant to WSSMV, while 100% of the cultivars showing the GG genotype were susceptible. This large genomic region of 45.8 Mb was found distal to the centromere and showed very high linkage disequilibrium. It is hypothesized that this region may be an alien introgression originating from a wild related species. This region contains a total of 2605 predicted genes based on the Chinese Spring IWGSC RefSeq v. 1.0 including genes potentially involved in plant disease resistance. A kompetitive allele‐specific PCR (KASP) single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker was designed in order to identify breeding lines or registered cultivars resistant to WSSMV.

COVID-19 pandemic has started a big challenge to the world health and economy during recent years. Many efforts were made to use the computation fluid dynamic (CFD) approach in this pandemic. CFD was used to understanding the airborne dispersion and transmission of this virus in different situations and buildings. The effect of the different conditions of the ventilation was studied by the CFD modeling to discuss preventing the COVID-19 transmission. Social distancing and using the facial masks were also modeled by the CFD approach to study the effect on reducing dispersion of the microdroplets containing the virus. Most of these recent applications of the CFD were reviewed for COVID-19 in this article. Special applications of the CFD modeling such as COVID-19 microfluidic biosensors, and COVID-19 inactivation using UV radiation were also reviewed in this research. The main findings of each research were also summarized in a table to answer critical questions about the effectiveness levels of applying the COVID-19 health protocols. CFD applications for modeling of COVID-19 dispersion in an airplane cabin, an elevator, a small classroom, a supermarket, an operating room of a hospital, a restaurant, a hospital waiting room, and a children's recovery room in a hospital were discussed briefly in different scenarios. CFD modeling for studying the effect of social distancing with different spaces, using and not using facial masks, difference of sneezing and coughing, different inlet/outlet ventilation layouts, combining air-conditioning and sanitizing machine, and using general or local air-conditioning systems were reviewed.

In order to evaluate the response of rice genotypes to salinity stress at germination stage an experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications in Biotechnology La of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU). Sixteen rice genotypes were evaluated at four salinity levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 mM). The results of variance analysis showed a significant effect of salinity on the traits in different rice genotypes. According to the results of the mean comparison of the studied traits, with increasing salinity from the control level to 40, 80 and 120 mM, all traits showed a significant decrease. A simple correlation coefficient between the studied traits showed that the highest positive and significant correlation was observed between germination rate with germination percentage (r = 0.89). The results of the principal component analysis based on the eight traits in the germination stage showed that the two components were able to justify 77.66% of total changes.The first component emphasized on root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, percentage and germination rate in positive direction.The cluster analysis of rice genotypes under stress of different levels of salinity on the basis of studied traits showed that L113, L21, L59, L33 and Shasttak Mohammadi genotypes in the third group had more salt tolerance than control (NONA BOKRA). Regarding the analysis, Shultak Mohammadi and L21 genotypes in terms of tolerance to stress in different levels of salinity were superior to other genotypes in this experiment and could be used in breeding programs.

Biofuel production from sugarcane has been researched in terms of the environment. Performing a bibliometric method and visual network analysis, the purpose of this study is to assess the trends in sugarcane and bioethanol researches and recognize the associated hotspots based on 4958 publications from 1991 to 2020. The geographical distribution of articles and per capita sugarcane production in the world were also examined. As a widely used database in the field of bibliometric, the Scopus database was used in this research to collect relevant literature. The research method includes the bibliometric analysis of documents and citations, subject categories, journals, countries, institutions, authors, geographical distribution status of articles and annual sugarcane production, top articles. Finally, the social network of the author's keywords was reviewed. The VOSviewer software was used for performing graphic maps showing the co-authorship and communication of countries, authors and keywords. The results show a high growth in the number of published documents in this field and the tendency change from agricultural sciences to environmental sciences in documents and journals. Based on the study's gained results, Brazil is the undisputed leader, publishing 43.8% of the documents in last three decades, followed by the USA and India.