Indian jujube leaves (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk) have various potential biological activity. Previous studies have proven that ethanol extracted from Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana Lamk) leaves had analgesic activity. This study aimed to determine the total flavonoid content and analgesic activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana Lamk) leaves ethanol extract. Tested fraction was prepared by maceration using ethanol as solvent followed by fractionation using ethyl acetate. Identification of active compounds was performed using color reaction, and determination of total flavonoids by colorimetric method. Ethyl acetate fraction was further tested for its analgesic activity using the writhing method. Swiss-Webster white male mice were divided into 5 treatment groups consisting of negative control contained sodium-CMC, positive control contained sodium diclofenac, while groups 3-5 were given ethyl acetate fraction of Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana Lamk) leaves with doses of 50, 150, and 200 mg/kg BW. All interventions were administered as a single oral dose. 0.7% (w/v) acetic acid was used as a pain inducer. Analgesic activity was measured by calculating the percentage of writhing protection as a measure of the analgesic effect produced by each intervention. The data were analyzed using one-way Anova to compare analgesic activity between treatment groups. Results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana Lamk) leaves at doses of 50, 150, and 200 mg/kg BW gave an effect that was not significantly different from sodium diclofenac as positive control. The ethyl acetate fraction of Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana Lamk) leaves ethanol extract contained flavonoids, saponin, and tannins with total flavonoid content of 22.41 ± 1.16% w/w. It can be concluded that the ethyl acetate fraction of Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana Lamk) leaves have analgesic activity in mice.
Unwanted pregnancy in adolescents may have negative impacts on physical, psychological, social and spiritual condition. The physical impact could endanger the teenage mothers and even their infants. Psychological stress could trigger a trial to have an abortion which can lead to death. Other psychological effect, the teenage mothers will try to escape from responsibility or keeping to continue their pregnancies by compulsion. Meanwhile, besides, social judgement and scorn, as well as banishing made by surrounding community, the community will also reject the children with unclear parents and they are considered illegal children of adulteries (Husaeni, 2009). Based on data from the Directorate of Maternal Health, the biggest cause of teenage maternal death is bleeding as a result of premature pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to determine the socio-cultural, economic of an unwanted pregnancy in single parent of adolescent mothers. This type of research is qualitative with a phenomenological and ethnographic approach. The population and sample are pregnant women and single parent mothers (having toddlers). The sample size is 9 people. Purposive Sampling Data collection by in-depth interviews (In-depth interview) to adolescents. The research was conducted in TTU District, East Nusa Tenggara. Research Results: 100% teenage single parent mothers do not work, age 15-19 years with the average education of junior high school to senior high school. Socio-culturally, teenagers imitate city life, lack of or abandon themselves from spiritual life in the family, and having trend to try new things. Teenage pregnancies are mostly unwanted as they happened accidentally. It was due to unsafe sex which was partly triggered by feeling bored with life in dormitories, adopting city life, lack of control from parents and family when teenagers return home, low or none of sexual education, simply following others, mutual consent, forced by boyfriends, poor knowledge Lack of knowledge on reproductive health and the influence of social media causes teenagers to have sex which causes unwanted pregnancies and poor socio-economic conditions. Suggestions The importance of preventing unwanted pregnancies in adolescents in schools should be started from the elementary schools by introducing health reproduction. Promotional materials related to reproductive health should be adapted to the age and development level of adolescents. In communities, especially those with low economic status, increasing awareness and knowledge about maternal and infant health is carried out through continuous health promotion.
Antioxidant compounds reduce ageing of the skin. Carrot peels contain antioxidant compounds. This research aimed to determine whether the red dragon fruit peels can be made into preparations like peel-off mask gel with variations in carbopol 940 and propylene glikol as the influence of variations in the physical basis of the quality of preparation and antioxidant activity. Carrot peel extraxtion by a maseration method using 70% ethanol. Peel-off mask gel made with a variable concentration of carbopol 940 and propylene glycol which is 0.5%: 5%; 0.5%: 7.5%; 0.5%: 10%; 1%: 5%; 1%: 7.5%; and 1%: 10%. The DPPH (1,1-dyphenil-2-picrylhydrazyl) method was used for the antioxidant test. The evaluation is used for observing the physical properties, which include organoleptic, time to dry, viscosity, spreading, and pH, with antioxidant activity of each formula. The results showed that the carrot peels can be made into a prepared peel-off mask gel. The low amount of propylene glycol and high amount of carbopol 940 affected the quality of the preparation. It had a high viscosity, low dispersive power, an acid pH, dried out slowly, and had low antioxidant activity.
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