Penentuan jenis kelamin pada beberapa spesies burung cukup sulit dilakukan dikarenakan jantan dan betina memiliki ciri morfologi yang sama (monomorfik), salah satunya famili Columbidae. Teknik penentuan jenis kelamin burung secara molekuler yang populer adalah metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) dengan gen target Chromo Helicase DNA-binding (CHD), namun keberhasilan amplifikasi gen target pada PCR tersebut dipengaruhi salah satunya kesesuaian DNA template dengan primer yang digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi 5 jenis primer PCR P2/P8, 2550F/2718R, CHD1F/CHD1R, 1237L/1272H dan CHD1LF/CHD1LR untuk menentukan jenis kelamin famili Columbidae. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menguji 5 jenis primer tersebut di atas pada sampel DNA tiap pasang jantan dan betina dari burung merpati, balam jambi, punai, derkuku, dan perkutut. Hasil penelitian diketahui primer CHD1LF/CHD1LR menunjukkan hasil terbaik dan direkomendasikan untuk menentukan jenis kelamin famili Columbidae.

<p><span class="fontstyle0">Objective: </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle2">Sex determination of birds is crucial role in breeding and conservation purposes. Genomic approaches by using basis of bird sex polymorphism are accepted to generate an accurate sexing procedure. The PCR method is commonly used and known to provide accurate test results in determining the sex of birds, but its successes is strongly influenced by the compatibility of the primers used with the DNA template. This study aimed to determine the potential use of CHD1LF/CHD1LR targeting CHD gene fragment in 4 species from Phasianidae, Psittacidae, Estrildidae, and Passeridae families.</span></p><p><span class="fontstyle2"><br /></span><span class="fontstyle0">Method: </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle2">Blood samples (n= 30) from representatives of species in 4 families above were collected for DNA isolation, then PCR test was performed using CHD1LF/CHD1LR primers. The PCR results obtained were compared with positive controls, necropsy examination and information from bird sellers.</span></p><p><span class="fontstyle2"><br /></span><span class="fontstyle0">Result: </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle2">The results showed that the primer CHD1LF/CHD1LR could be used in Phasianidae,<br />Psittacidae, Estrildidae, and Passeridae families. The PCR product was confirmed to be same as well as the positive control and necropsy results. It is demonstrated that male birds showed a single band (474 bp), while double bands (474 and 319 bp) were observed in female birds. Different accuracies were observed during this study between molecular approach and manual sexing by bird seller i.e:<br />sparrows (46%) and finches (50%), while the accuracy of parakeets was 75%, and quails 80%.</span></p><p><span class="fontstyle2"><br /></span><span class="fontstyle0">Conclusions: </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle2">Primer CHD1LF/CHD1LR can be used to determine the sex of birds from the families<br />Phasianidae, Psittacidae, Estrildidae, and Passeridae. Our study showed that molecular-based method is valuable and able to reduce error rate to 100% in bird sexing procedures.</span> <br /><br /></p><p> </p>

Determination sex of birds by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method is increasingly popular among researchers and the public. The PCR method is known to provide accurate test results in determining the sex of birds, but one of its successes is greatly influenced by the compatibility between the primers used and the template DNA. This study was conducted to evaluate the use of primers 2550F/2718R, 1237L/1272H, P2/P8, and CHD1F/CHD1R in birds from the families Phasianidae, Estrildidae, Passeridae, and Psittacidae. PCR sexing was performed on DNA samples from the 4 bird families above, using primers 2550F/2718R, 1237L/1272H, P2/P8, and CHD1F/CHD1R. PCR results were evaluated by comparing the size of the PCR band with a reference. The results showed that the CHD1F/CHD1R primer could be used in 4 families tested. PCR products for male birds showed 1 band measuring approximately 500 bp, while for female birds 2 bands were 500 and 320 bp. Primer 2550F/2718R could only be used in the families Phasianidae and Psittacidae, while 1237L/1272H and P2/P8 could not be used in the samples tested. CHD1F/CHD1R primers can be used to determine the sex of birds from the families Phasianidae, Estrildidae, Passeridae, and Psittacidae.

Staphylococcus aureus  (S. aureus) is one of the bacteria that causing mastitis, implicate economic losses in dairy farm. Treatment of S. aureus is known to be difficult because of the mismatch of choosing the right type of antibiotic and the nature of resistance that is easily developed. The purpose of this study were to identified and characterized the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus in dairy cows subclinical mastitis from Sedyo Mulyo farm, Pakem, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Bacterial identification of S. aureus from 40 milk positive CMT test was carried out through bacterial culture with MSA test, coagulase, catalase, Gram staining, Voges-Proskauer test, and colony morphology on 5% sheep blood agar plates. Identification of S. aureus resistance to several antibtiotic were carried out by the Kirby-Bauer method. The results showed that 26 of 40 milk samples tested were presumptive identified for S. aureus. The percentage of antibiotics resistance to cefixim, ampicillin, oxytetracycline, penicillin G, erythromycin, and oxacillin, were 100%, 96%, 61.5%, 38.4%, 23%, and 2% respectively. Whereas all presumptive S. aureus isolates still 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Monitoring and evaluation of the presence of S. aureus bacteria in subclinical mastitis milk needs to be done to prevent the potential for developing mastitis severity and antibiotic resistance. Keywords: Antibiotic resistance; S. Aureus; Subclinical mastitis   Abstrak  Staphylococcus aureus  (S. aureus) adalah salah satu bakteri penyebab mastitis yang menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi pada peternakan sapi perah. Pengobatan terhadap S. aureus menjadi sulit dilakukan terutama karena ketidaksesuaian pemilihan jenis antibiotik yang tepat dan sifat resistensi terhadap antibiotik yang mudah berkembang. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengidentifikasi dan mengetahui karakterisasi resistensi antibiotik S. aureus pada susu mastitis subklinis dari sapi perah di kelompok ternak Sedyo Mulyo, Pakem, Sleman Yogyakarta. Identifikasi S. aureus dari 40 susu yang positif uji Californian Mastitis Test (CMT) dilakukan melalui kultur bakteri dengan uji Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), koagulase, katalase, pengecatan Gram, uji Voges-Proskauer, dan morfologi koloni pada pelat agar darah domba 5%. Identifikasi resistensi S. aureus terhadap berbagai macam antibiotik dilakukan dengan metode Kirby-Bauer. Hasil penelitian diketahui 65% (26/40) sampel susu positif uji CMT terisolasi terduga S. aureus. Persentase resistensi pada antibiotik secara berurutan cefixim, ampisilin, oksitetrasiklin, penisilin G, eritromisin, dan oxacillin yaitu 100%, 96%, 61.5%, 38.4%, 23%, dan 2%. Semua S. aureus yang diuji masih 100% peka terhadap ciprofloxacin. Lebih dari 50% susu mastitis subklinis pada penelitian ini mengandung terduga bakteri S. aureus, diketahui mayoritas isolat tersebut menunjukkan telah resistensi terhadap berbagai jenis antibiotik. Monitoring dan evaluasi keberadaan bakteri S. aureus pada susu mastitis subklinis perlu dilakukan untuk mencegah potensi berkembangnya derajat keparahan mastitis dan resistensi antibiotik. Kata Kunci: Mastitis subklinis; Resistensi antibiotik; S. aureus.