No abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systematic autoimmune disorder with chronic inflammation changes of unknown etiology. Various synovial inflammatory and proliferative alterations may contribute to the cartilaginous tissues and invasive bony tissues, leading to destructive joints and malformed bones. This disease is mostly due to infective microorganisms or genetic susceptibility causing immune system disturbances through triggering both T-cells and B-cells. Furthermore, different immune cells may secret cytokines, which are responsible for some RA pathogenesis activity. From ninety individuals, serum sample was collected; thirty of them were normal and sixty cases were patients with RA attended a privet medical clinic at Tikrit city from May 2019 to November 2019. Age, in both patients and control groups, ranged between (18-50) years, they had assay of Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Leptin, Adiponectin, and C-reactive protein. The present study shows that (IL-1, Leptin, and CRP) levels were higher in Rheumatoid Arthritis patients than control, while (IL-6, IL-10, TNFα, and ADP) levels were lower; therefore, cytokines can play an essential role in RA pathogenesis. The current study may bring attention to adiponectin and leptin for their roles in the pathogenesis of RA. Special consideration was devoted to those proteins, which act on cells associated with RA, also for possible usage of these protein levels as potential biomarkers for the disease activity and therapeutic response.

The maintenance of thyroid hormone homeostasis is essential in the regulation of skeletal system development, bone tissue mineralization and fracture risk prevention. This study was carried out to evaluate the serum level of osteoprotegerin (OPG), sclerostin (SOST), and osteocalcin (OC) in hypo-and hyperthyroidism patients. a total number of examined patients was 90 individuals, 30 of them were normal as a control group, the rest 60 individuals were arranged in two groups: 30 patients with hypothyroidism and 30 patients with hyperthyroidism. Serum assay tests for OPG, SOST, OC, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total triiodothyronine (T3), and total thyroxine (T4) were used. The present study reported high levels of SOST, T3, and T4 and low levels of OPG, OC, and TSH in patients with hyperthyroidism compared to control. Whereas in patients with hypothyroidism only SOST and TSH levels were increased, but OPG, OC, T3, and T4 levels were low compared to control. The data obtained indicate the correlation on osteoprotegerin, sclerostin, and osteocalcin levels with thyroid hormones disturbances. K e y w o r d s: osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, sclerostin, thyroid disorders.

In the β-thalassemia’s, oxidative stress, resulting from chronic hemolysis, globin chain imbalance, iron overload and depleted antioxidant defenses, likely contributes to cell death, organ damage, anemia, hypoxia and inflammation. Between November 2020 and June 2021, the study assessed adults aged (25-35 years) attending to Hiwa Cancer Hospital/ Sulaimaniah Thalassemia and congenital blood disorders center/ Iraq: 60 patients with HbE β-thalassemia, 30 β-thalassemia major, 30 β-thalassemia intermediate and 30 control subjects. ferritin were measured as sources of oxidants; plasma antioxidants: Glutathione Reductase (GR) and Oxidative stress-induced growth inhibitor 2 (OSGIN2) , plasma D-dimer  assessed thrombosis status and serum C-reactive protein assessed inflammation, the results showed increased in the levels of ferritin,  plasma D-dimer  and CRP in both β-thalassemia major and β-thalassemia intermediate  (2789±789 ; 2657±725.8 ng/ml) , (175.4±54.02; 188.7±62.01 ng/ml) and (15.6±2.6; 13.3±3.1 mg/l) compared to control group (178.7±58.9 ng/ml) , (79.8±34.8 ng/ml) and (2.3± 0.7 mg/l) respectively. Whereas decreased in the levels of GR and OSGIN2 (38.4±12.7; 35±8.8 pg/ml) and (58±18.3; 78±20.5 mg/dl) compared to control group (96±17.3 pg/ml) and (156±65.6 mg/dl ) respectively.