Background: Early childhood caries is a sugar-dependent disease with multifactorial modulating factors affecting deciduous dentition. It is defined as the presence of at least one decayed tooth, absence of a tooth due to caries or the existence of a temporary restoration in a tooth in a child between zero and 71 months of age. No BRP varnish was found in intellectual property banks, therefore it was registered and deposited with patent number BR1020160190142. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the dose-response concentration of alcoholic extract of Brazilian red propolis (BRP), in the form of dental varnish, against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in children. Methods: Twenty-four children, aged between 36 and 71 months, of both genders and without caries, were selected to participate in this pilot study and grouped randomly into four groups to receive different concentrations of BRP varnish (1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10%). The varnish was applied to the surface of all second deciduous molars. The antimicrobial activity was observed in saliva, which was collected in two phases: before applying the BRP varnish and after use. Results: There was microbiological reduction of S. mutans in the oral cavity of the children in all the tested concentrations. The highest percentage reduction of S. mutans was observed at the concentration of 2.5% (P = 0.0443). Conclusion: The BRP extract in the form of dental varnish has antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and constitutes a possible alternative in the prevention of dental caries.

Introduction. Fluoride plays an important role in the control of dental caries, and currently new dentifrices are being associated with natural products. Objective. This study aimed to evaluate the availability of fluoride in saliva samples after using a dentifrice incorporated with Brazilian red propolis (BRP, INPI Patent no. BR1020170110974) and to compare it to a conventional fluoridated dentifrice in healthy participants. Methods. This study was conducted implementing a double-blind, randomized, controlled, and crossover design. Saliva samples of participants were collected at the following time points: 0 at baseline and 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after brushing with each dentifrice. Salivary fluoride concentrations showed no statistically significant difference when comparing the two treatments ( p > 0.05 ). All available fluoride concentrations in saliva decreased after one hour, with no significant difference between BRP and conventional fluoridated dentifrice treatment samples ( p > 0.05 ). Results. The results showed that there was no difference between the analyzed fluoride concentrations 1 hour after brushing with the different dentifrices. Conclusions. The results of this study suggest that the propolis incorporated in the dentifrice did not interfere with the kinetics and bioavailability of the fluoride ion in saliva samples, enabling its integration with the pharmaceutical formula and thereby promoting its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial benefits without compromising the anticaries activity of the formulation.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and factors associated with this practice as well as drugrelated problems and self-medication by pharmacy students of University Center Catholic of Quixadá, Ceará, Brazil. Methods: The prospective study with a quantitative approach was conducted. The participants were 96 female pharmacy students, who answered an e-mail questionnaire containing questions regarding the main NSAIDs used, pre-menstrual and menstrual use, drug-related problems and self-medication. Results: The results showed that students >39 years and in the 1st year of graduation had the lowest rates of use of NSAIDs, 33.3% (p = 0.0005) and 77.7% (p = 0.01) respectively. The most commonly drug used were dipyrone (64.5%) and paracetamol (54.1%), mainly for painful processes such as headache (68.7%) and colic (62.5%). Self-medication was 92.7% those students, and the main side effects were nausea (14.5%) and heartburn (10.4%). There was greater use of anti-inflammatories among university students in the menstrual period, in those with irregular menstrual cycle and with a flow <7 days. Conclusion: In conclusion, NSAIDs are the most frequently used drugs among students of female pharmacy colleges for algic processes such as headache, menstrual cramps, migraine and others referred to as possible hormonal changes. High self-medication was observed, which leads to frequent gastrointestinal adverse effects. Studies are still needed to evaluate the possible impacts of the use of these drugs in the medium and long term in this population.

and white tea. Fluoride and pH appeared not to be correlated (Pearson test). All the studied tea samples presented fluoride concentrations greater than the threshold recommended for drinking water. The pH proved to be low, which could be a risk for erosive tooth wear.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, for the perceptions and possible adverse effects after using toothpaste based on Brazilian Red Propolis (BRP). Materials and Methods: This is a longitudinal clinical study. 40 participants used a toothpaste BRP three times a day for a total of four weeks. After 4 weeks, the end of the study, participants completed a questionnaire with a scale ranging from 0 to 10 for parameters such as taste, nausea, cleanliness, ease, irritation, odor and sense of taste change. Results: The taste, cleaning ability, ease and odor had high scores. There were no reports as to the possible adverse events such as irritation and change in taste. One participant reported the occurrence of nausea after brushing, indicating score 1. Conclusion: The use for 4 weeks of the BRP toothpaste did not cause adverse effects and had a good acceptance by the users.