The identification (by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and n.m.r.) for the first time of the weak oestrogen equol [7-hydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)chroman] in human urine is described. Preliminary results of its quantitative excretion in urine are reported and the potential significance of the occurrence of this compound is discussed.

SUMMARY Thirty-five human volunteers and eight Rhesus monkeys were studied with standard gastrooesophageal manometric techniques and their reflux status was evaluated with a pH probe placed in the lower oesophagus. Morphine sulphate, pethidine hydrochloride, or diazepam was given intravenously until drowsiness was induced.The manometric and pH studies were repeated. All three drugs decreased the lower oesophageal high pressure zone and increased the probability of reflux in both monkeys and man. These findings are relevant in the preparation of patients for surgery since gastrooesophageal reflux and pulmonary aspiration may be a problem in the pre-and postoperative phases.

The definitive identification of the first lignans to be found in humans and animals is described. Gas chromatography--mass spectrometry, n.m.r. spectroscopy, i.r. spectroscopy and chemical techniques were employed to establish the structures of two lignans as trans-2,3-bis(3-hydroxybenzyl)-gamma-butyrolactone and 2,3-bis(3-hydroxybenzyl)butane-1,4-diol. Both compounds are essetially racemic. Evidence was also found for several methoxy analogues of these lignans in the vervet monkey.

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