To assess the prevalence of cataract and cataract surgery in a population from Russia, we conducted the population-based Ural Eye and Medical Study with 5899 participants (80.5% out of 7328 eligible individuals), with an age of 40 + years as the eligibility criterion. In the phakic population, the prevalence of nuclear, cortical, subcapsular cataract and any cataract was 38.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 36.6, 39.3], 14.5% (95% CI 13.5, 15.5), 0.6% (95% CI 0.4, 0.8) and 44.6% (95% CI 43.2, 46.0), respectively. A higher prevalence of nuclear cataract was associated with older age [odds ratio (OR) 1.10; 95% CI 1.10, 1.11], the female sex (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.08, 1.50), urban region (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.71, 2.33), a low educational level (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.88, 0.98), a high diastolic blood pressure (OR 1.01; 95% CI 1.001, 1.02), a low serum concentration of high-density lipoproteins (OR 0.91; 95% CI 0.84, 0.98), more smoking package years (OR 1.01; 95% CI 1.01, 1.02), chronic kidney disease (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.10, 1.03), a short axial length (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.86, 0.99), and a low prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.57, 0.92). The prevalence of previous cataract surgery conducted in 354/5885 individuals (6.0%; 95% CI 5.4, 6.6) increased from 0.4% (95% CI 0.0, 1.0) in the age group of 40–45 years to 37.6% (95% CI 30.9, 44.4) in the age group of 80 + years. Cataract was the cause of moderate-to-severe vision impairment in 109 (1.8%) individuals and of blindness in three (0.05%) individuals. The prevalence of cataract and cataract-related MSVI and blindness were relatively high; subsequently, the prevalence of previous cataract surgery was relatively low in this population from Russia.

No abstract

Millions people around the world, especially in old age, lose sight because of cataracts. The age-related cataract affects approximately 37 million people in the world annually, and in 51 % of cases, it is the cause of poor vision. Relevant is the importance of identifying risk factors for the development of age-related cataracts. This literature review is devoted to studies examining the influence of various factors on the development of lens opacities. The paper presents data on the effect of age on the development of age-related cataracts, so the prevalence of cataracts at the age of 52–62 years is 5 %, at the age of 60–69 years — 30 %, at the age of 70 and older — 64 %. Its gender features are highlighted — the frequency of lens opacities in women increases significantly with age, and its appearance coincides with the appearance of estrogen deficiency in menopause. Reflected literature data on the dependence of cataract prevalence on race (revealed a higher prevalence in various Asian populations compared with the population of Western countries). This review also had showed the influence of lifestyle and bad habits on the occurrence of cataracts. It was found that smokers have an increased risk of occurrence of a nuclear cataract and, to a lesser extent, the development of its cortical type. It is noted that the development of lens opacification is also influenced by the amount of alcohol consumed, increasing the risk of cataracts, so when studying individual types of cataracts, it is shown that the consumption of strong drinks and wine is associated with an increased risk of nuclear cloudiness. Presents data from large cohort studies that compare (using odds ratios and confidence intervals) the association of cataracts with such somatic diseases as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, also with body mass index and some medications.

No abstract

Problema priverzhennosti lecheniyu — odna iz naibolee znachimyh dlya sovremennoj mediciny. Na segodnyashnij den' osnovnoj prichinoj obratimoj slepoty i invalidnosti po zreniyu yavlyaetsya katarakta. Cel'yu issledovaniya bylo ocenit' priverzhennost' k svoevremennomu hirurgicheskomu lecheniyu u lic s kataraktoj. V rabote ispol'zovany dannye poperechnogo populyacionnogo issledovaniya «Ural Eye and Medical Study». Iz 546 uchastnikov 46,3% muzhchin i 53,7% zhenshchin, zhitelej goroda — 59,6%, zhitelej sela — 40,4%, srednij vozrast kotoryh sostavil 66,36 ± 9,47 goda (diapazon 40–88 let). Statisticheskij analiz dannyh provodili s ispol'zovaniem paketa prikladnyh programm IBM SPSS Statistic. Rezul'taty issledovaniya pokazali, chto osnovnoj faktor, vliyayushchij na motivaciyu pacienta k lecheniyu katarakty, — nedostatochnaya informirovannost' o zabolevanii i zainteresovannost' v hirurgicheskom lechenii. Pri etom chastota poseshchenij oftal'mologa nahoditsya v obratnoj zavisimosti ot vozrasta pacientov (OSH 1,24; 95% DI 1,04–1,49), dlitel'nosti snizheniya zreniya (OSH 1,08; 95% DI 0,81–1,43) i v pryamoj zavisimosti ot dlitel'nosti vremeni s momenta ustanovleniya diagnoza katarakty (OSH 1,20; 95% DI 1,04–1,38), nalichiya oftal'mologa v poliklinike po mestu zhitel'stva (OSH 1,71; 95% DI 1,29–2,26), doveriya vrachu (OSH 3,62; 95% DI 3,02–4,35), raz"yasneniya oftal'mologom oslozhnenij i sovremennyh metodov lecheniya katarakty (OSH 1,62; 95% DI 1,34–1,97). Ponimanie osnovnyh prichin, snizhayushchih priverzhennost' pacientov s kataraktoj k lecheniyu, pozvolit razrabotat' naibolee effektivnye meropriyatiya po sovershenstvovaniyu medicinskoj pomoshchi, svyazannoj s uvelicheniem ohvata hirurgicheskim lecheniem pacientov s dannoj patologiej.