The search for origin plant-based proteases increases gradually due to their diversity and stability over a wide range of pH and temperature. Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) flowers are a proteolytic vegetable source already studied, but their leaves are scarce in this respect. Thus, the objective of this research was to obtain extracts of artichoke leaves with different buffers and extraction methods as an alternative proteolytic source and plant coagulant, as well as the separation and comparison of the protein profile of these extracts. The methodology used was based on extraction with sodium citrate buffer (pH 3), sodium acetate (pH 5) and Tris-HCl (pH 7) by mechanical stirrer (MS) and ultrasound (US); protein determination; proteolytic activity (PA) and specific activity (SA); milk clotting activity (MCA) and rennet substitution potential (RSP); high- performance liquid chromatography analysis (HPLC) with UV-Vis detector and principal component analysis (PCA). Extracts of Cynara scolymus leaves showed high results with Citrate-US for the parameters PA (14.38), SA (19.71), MCA (440) and RSP (30.60) compared to other treatments. The extracts with citrate and acetate presented a quick coagulation time (max 3 min). The HPLC analysis enabled the separation of the different protein compounds present in the extracts and most expressive peaks in the samples with Citrate-MS and Acetate-MS; and isolated peaks for Citrate-US. It was concluded that extracts of artichoke leaves with citrate and acetate buffer attributed satisfactory results to act as plant coagulant, as well as to carry out further studies for the purification of proteolytic enzymes and application in cheeses.

Resumo: A fermentação em estado semissólido executa um papel importante no aproveitamento de resíduos sólidos, devido à síntese de diferentes compostos, cujo grande interesse seja voltado para segmentos industriais. Objetivou-se estudar o processo de fermentação semissólida do resíduo de abacaxi, utilizando a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, com 10% de inoculo e avaliando o efeito da concentração inicial da levedura, assim como o tempo de fermentação sobre o teor proteico. O processo foi acondicionado em estufa de circulação de ar forçada a 55 °C, durante 48 horas, sendo feita pesagens nos intervalos de 0, 14, 18, 24, 38, 42 e 48 h e realizadas analises físico-químicas e granulométrica. Mediante os resultados, observou-se uma diminuição da umidade com o passar do tempo chegando a atingir 0,91% ao final do estudo, já o teor proteico, aumentou consideravelmente, com proteína bruta de 14% para 20,56%, após 48 h, o teor de sólidos solúveis totais apresentou um declínio possivelmente devido o consumo de carboidratos pela levedura. Foi realizada a análise granulométrica do resíduo, onde se observou que cerca de 80% das partículas apresentaram diâmetro maior que 2,4 milímetros. Através da fermentação semissólida dos resíduos de abacaxi foi possível elevar o teor proteico e aumentar a concentração de nutrientes, transformando um rejeito em um possível produto para destino humano ou animal com alto valor agregado.Palavras-chave: Levedura; Proteína bruta; Análise granulométrica; Valor agregado. Abstract:The fermentation in state semissólido executes an important paper in the use of solid residues, due to the synthesis of different compounds, which great interest is turned for industrial segments. The objective of this work studied the process of fermentation semissólida of the pineapple residues, using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with 10 % of inoculo and value the effect of the initial concentration of the yeast, as well as the time of fermentation on the proteinic tenor. The process was conditioned in stove of circulation of air forced to 55 °C, during 48 hours, being done weighing in the intervals of 0, 14, 18, 24, 38, 42 and 48 h and carried out analyses chemical-physical and granulométrica. By means of the results, a reduction of the moisture was observed with the spending time coming reaching 0,91 % to the end of the study, already the proteinic tenor, it increased considerably, with brutish protein of 14 % for 20,56 %, after 48 h, the tenor of total soluble solids presented a decline possibly owed the consumption of carbohydrates by the yeast. The analysis was carried out granulométrica of the residue, where it was noticed that nearly 80 % of the particles presented diameter bigger than 2,4 millimeters. Through the fermentation semissólida of the pineapple residues it was possible to lift up the proteinic tenor and to increase the concentration of nutritious ones, transforming one I reject in a possible product for human or animal destiny with high collected value.

Essential oils (EOs) are a promising alternative for food preservation and can be used instead of synthetic antimicrobial compounds such as sanitizers, as long as they are efficient and safe. On view of this possibility of use, Lippia alba (Mill) (LAEO) and Cymbopogon citratus D.C. Stapf. (CCEO) essential oils were evaluated as natural antimicrobials and applied into coriander for its biocontrol. The EOs were extracted and their physical properties, total phenolics, cytotoxicity to Artemia salina L. and antimicrobial potential in vitro and on natural coriander microbiota were determined. The EOs had a LD50 (median lethal dose-checked), are considered biologically active. MOC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) varied from 1.25 to 5.00 μL/ mL and from 0.62 to 5.00 μL/ mL for LAEO and CCEO, respectively, on standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Thyphimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. The lowest MOC values for LAEO and CCEO were selected for application in coriander. EOs reduced the pathogenic microbial load in the coriander revealing its potential as a natural sanitizer, and thus demonstrating superior or equivalent efficacy to commercial sanitizer. By correlating the cytotoxic and antimicrobial results obtained, we have shown that these EOs present potential for application in foods.

<p>Os serviços de saneamento básico prestados a uma parcela considerável da população que reside em áreas rurais apresentam elevado déficit de cobertura. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi obter um diagnóstico sobre a realidade do acesso aos serviços de saneamento na zona rural do município de Pombal-PB. A metodologia adotada consistiu na análise de dados oriundos do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística através do <strong>Sistema de Informações Georreferenciadas Estatcart e espacialização das informações por meio do <em>QGis</em> 2.6.0.</strong> Os resultados indicaram que a cobertura de domicílios, por um sistema de abastecimento de água, esgotamento sanitário e manejo de resíduos sólidos, é considerada ineficiente, uma vez que as residências não são atendidos ou tem um atendimento inferior a 20%. Contatou-se ainda uma desproporcionalidade dos serviços entre as zonas urbana e rural do município. A ausência de saneamento compromete a saúde da população. Logo, o diagnóstico do acesso aos serviços de saneamento é visto como uma ferramenta importante e necessária para implementação de políticas públicas que promovam melhoria da qualidade de vida dos moradores dessas localidades, bem como garantam a conservação do meio ambiente.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong><em>Spatial analysis of sanitation services in the rural zone of Pombal, Paraíba State, Brazil</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>Basic sanitation services that are provided to a considerable portion of the population living in rural areas have high deficit coverage. This paper aims at obtaining a diagnosis of access to sanitation services in the rural zones of Pombal, Paraíba State, Brazil. The methodology consisted of data analysing from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics through the Georeferenced Information System Estatcart and spatial information through QGIS 2.6.0. The results indicated that the residences coverage by water supply system, sewage system and solid waste collection, is considered inefficient, since they do not receive the services or have a coverage below 20%. It was also contacted a disproportionality of services between urban and rural areas in the municipality. The lack of sanitation affects the health of the population. Therefore, the diagnosis of access to sanitation services is seen as an important and necessary tool for the implementation of public policies that improve the quality of life of those who live in rural areas, as well as ensure the conservation of the environment.</p>

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