Peste des petitis ruminant (PPR) is a transboundary viral disease affects mainly goats and sheep with high morbidity and high mortality rates. Thirty-Three samples were collected from small ruminant animals located within three Egyptian governorate, Sharkia, Kafr El-sheikh and Marsa-Matrouh between 2017 and 2018. Likewise, camels were included to investigate the prevalence of PPRV infection in Egypt, 103 samples were collected from three different governorates (Giza, Sharkiya and Red sea). PPRV antigens were examined in small ruminant samples using IC-ELISA. For further confirmation, tissue sample from intestine of small ruminant animals subjected to real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and positive tissue sample were used for isolation of PPRV on Vero cells, which revealed remarkable cytopathic effect that increased obviously after three successive passages. Sera samples were subjected for C-ELISA to determine the presence of antibodies against PPRV which revealed that eight samples (8/10; 80%) were positive. Antibodies were detected in all goat three samples (100%), while in 5 sheep sera samples (5/7; 71.4%) were positive. All camel sera were negative using C-ELISA. Our results revealed that PPRV is still circulating in Egypt which leads to outbreaks in its major host (small ruminants) without spillover to camel. Therefore, effective PPR vaccination program is recommended to be applied regularly in Egypt with strict quarantine measures at the borders to prevent the introduction of new PPRV genotypes to the Egyptian industry.
The present study aimed to evaluate the hematological and serum biochemical parameters in buffaloes and cows infected with foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus. Forty buffaloes and cows (6 months-2 years old) were used. Twenty buffaloes and cows clinically healthy and were used as control, the other twenty buffaloes and cows showed characteristic clinical signs of FMD. Blood samples were collected and serum was separated from both groups to measure the hematological and biochemical parameters. Infected buffaloes and cows showed fever, anroxia, excessive foamy salivation and ulcer formation in the mouth. Compared to the control buffaloes, erythrocytic count (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) in the FMD infected buffaloes were significantly decreased, while mean corpascular hemoglobin (MCH) was significantly increased. In addition, significant increase in toltal leukocyte count (TLC), neutrophils, with a significant decrease in eosinophil and lymphocyte counts were observed. Moreover, cows infected with FMD virus showed no significant changes in the erythrogram, while, significant increases in TLC and neutrophils, with a significant decrease in eosinophil and lymphocyte counts were observed when compared with the control group. There were significant decreases in the levels of serum total proteins, albumin and globulin, while serum asprtate transferase (AST), creatinine phospho-kinase (CPK), glucose and cortisol levels were significantly increased in the infected animals. Tissue and saliva specimens were collected and analyzed by using universal primer using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). All the identified viruses were of serotype 'O'. It is concluded that FMDV serotype 'O' is circulating among cows and buffaloes in the study area.
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are worldwide contaminants that can reach toxic concentrations that are detrimental to the environment and human health. In this study, three different isolates (Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumonia and Acinetobacter sp.) from crude petroleum oil samples were found to be PAHs utilizers. They are able to utilize four different PAHs, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and benzene. K. oxytoca is the most efficient utilizer of the PAHs rather than K. pneumonia and Acinetobacter sp. It can utilize almost 83% of benzene after 48 h of shaking, if supplemented with nitrogen source. The isolates have been molecularly identified by partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene (approximately 900 bp) and the results demonstrated a high degree of homology to K. oxytoca (up to 99% similarity), K. pneumonia (from 97 to 99% similarity) and Acinetobacter sp (up to 99% similarity).
In veterinary medicine plant based medicine is achieving a huge importance worldwide. This research was subjected to rectify the hydrophilic Moringa Oleifera alcoholic leaves extract could improve the immune system in vaccinated and non-vaccinated broiler Hubbard chickens experimentally exposed to Newcastle disease (ND) virus. Seventy five chicks with age one day old were splitted randomly into five groups equally in distribution with fifteen chick in each group. Group I was untreated unvaccinated (control negative group) while group IV was infected group with NDV (control positive group). The experimental Groups II and V were given daily oral treatment of hydrophilic alcoholic leaves extract of M. oleifera at 200 mg/kg body weight until day 21 of age while groups III and V were ND vaccinated with La Sota strain of ND vaccines. The four groups (II, III, IV, V) were infected with ND virus velogenic strain (VNDV) on day 21. Following to infection, Monitoring of birds were done daily for clinical signs, postmortem examination, morbidity and mortality. Cellular, humeral immune response and phagocytic activity were evaluated and the data were statistically analyzed using (SPSS). Total and differential cell numbers as well as Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titre increased in the extract treated and vaccinated group which give total protection against NDV much more than treated and unvaccinated group. As a result it could be recommended to use M. Olifera e xtract from the first day of rearing in Hubbard chicken with ND vaccination program as a prophylactic treatment in protection of birds against ND infection.
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