Analysis of social data is frequently done using aggregate-level data. There may not be a direct interest in spatial relationships in the data, but the presence of spatial interdependence may still need to be taken into account. This article explores the aggregation effect from a spatial perspective by assuming nonzero covariance for individual data from two different groups. We investigate the bias associated with aggregate-level data for semivariogram analysis. We show that the bias mainly arises from the average of the semivariogram within the groups. It is also shown how aggregated-level data may be used to estimate parameters of an individual-level semivariogram model. A nonlinear regression method is proposed to carry out this estimation procedure and a simulation is done to clarify the results.
Petty corruption is a barrier to entrepreneurship in emerging countries, justifying to investigate its determinants. Using data on 1,240 entrepreneurs across Indonesian regions, we analyse the effects of social capital. Two‐evel ordered probit regressions show that weak‐ties discourage entrepreneurs' bribing, strong‐ties encourage it, whereas this latter effect is moderated by the quality of access to formal credit. Bribing banks or turning to relatives for external funding are alternative solutions for entrepreneurs facing poor access to formal credit, a common feature in emerging countries, and the second solution is preferred given the risk and psychological costs of corruption.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis seberapa efisien bahan baku yang dikendalikan dalam proses produksi di PT X untuk memenuhi permintaan konsumen. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisa deskriptif untuk menggambarkan atau menguraikan data yang akan diteliti kemudian diolah menggunakan perhitungan EOQ. Data yang akan diteliti adalah data permintaan dan data produksi.Data tersebut diambil berdasarkan melakukan survey ke lokasi dan juga wawancara dengan pemilik PT X. Setelah data tersebut didapatkan kemudian dibuat analisis dengan menggunakan metode EOQ. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diperoleh bahwa proses produksi di PT X yang dilakukan memiliki hasil yang baik karena seluruh pekerjaan dilakukan saling berurutan dan dapat selesai sesuai dengan jadwal yang telah disepakati. Persediaan bahan baku yang telah dihitung dengan menggunakan metode EOQ menghasilkan jumlah ekonomis. Perusahaan dapat menghemat biaya dari setiap biaya aktual bahan baku sehingga dapat mengetahui jumlah optimal bahan baku yang dapat dipesan dalam periode tertentu dan biaya yang harus dikeluarkan.
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