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Marrubium vulgare L. (family: Lamiaceae), also known as the white horehound, is widely used as an herbal remedy for chronic coughs and colds. It is used in various disorders related to skin, liver, gastric, heart, and immune system. This review abridges phytochemical, pharmacological studies, and medicinal uses of M. vulgare and provides scientific proof for various ethnobotanical claims to identify gaps, which will give impulsion for novel research on M. vulgare based herbal medicines. This review summarizes selected scientific evidence on phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of M. vulgare over the past 48 years . Works related to M. vulgare was reviewed from various sources such as books, internet source, i.e., Google Search engine, PubMed, and Science Direct, and chemical abstract. The exhaustive literature was studied, and critical analysis was performed according to their phytochemical and pharmacological properties. Phytochemical investigations on different parts of M. vulgare have been reported the presence of flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, and volatile oils (0.05%). The aerial parts contain marrubiin, together with ursolic acid and choline. Pharmacological activities such as antinociceptive, antispasmodic, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and antihepatotoxic activity have been reported. M. vulgare has therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, liver disorders, pain, cardiovascular, gastric, and diabetic conditions. Aerial parts of M. vulgare is a good source of labdane type diterpene especially marrubiin which is present in high concentrations. However, further scientific studies are needed to explore clinical efficacy, toxicity and to explore the therapeutic effect of major secondary metabolites such as diterpenes, phenylpropanoid, and phenylethanoid glycosides of M. vulgare.

An advanced mode of drug delivery system has been developed to overcome the major drawbacks associated with conventional drug delivery systems. This review gives a detailed idea about a nanoemulsion system. Nanoemulsions are nano-sized emulsions, which are manufactured for improving the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients. These are the thermodynamically stable isotropic system in which two immiscible liquids are mixed to form a single phase by means of an emulsifying agent, i.e., surfactant and co-surfactant. The droplet size of nanoemulsion falls typically in the range 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsions are biphasic dispersion of two immiscible liquids: either water in oil (W/O) or oil in water (O/W) droplets stabilized by an amphiphilic surfactant. These come across as ultrafine dispersions whose differential drug loading; viscoelastic as well as visual properties can cater to a wide range of functionalities including drug delivery. However there is still relatively narrow in sight regarding development, manufacturing, fabrication and manipulation of nanoemulsions which primarily stems from the fact that conventional aspects of emulsion formation and stabilization only partially apply to nanoemulsions. This general deficiency sets up the premise for current review. We attempt to explore varying intricacies, excipients, manufacturing techniques and their underlying principles, production conditions, structural dynamics, prevalent destabilization mechanisms, and drug delivery applications of nanoemulsions to spike interest of those contemplating a foray in this field.

The wound healing process consists of four highly integrated and overlapping phases: Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling. These phases and their biophysiological functions must occur in the proper sequence, at a specific time and continue for a specific duration at an optimal intensity. There are many factors that can affect wound healing which interferes with one or more phases in this process, thus causing improper or impaired tissue repair. This review was aimed to collect data and made a critical analysis. This will provide concise information regarding different models and parameters used for wound healing study. The data related to different wound models are collected using popular search engines as well as relevant science search engines and database including Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed. A new drug substance can be evaluated for wound healing activity using different in vitro models such as cell culture, chick chorioallantoic membrane model, tube formation on metrigel and capillary growth model. The in vivo wound models such as incision, excision, dead space, burn wound, ischemic wound, and diabetic wound models are frequently used. Each model has specific importance. The limitations and advantages of each are described in this review. Although animal wound repair is an imperfect reflection of human wound healing and its clinical challenges, these models can be fundamental tools for the development of new approaches to rational wound therapy.