The ease of availability and potential tendency to abuse tramadol hydrochloride prompted this research. Making use of biochemical and histological techniques, concentrations of marker enzymes were monitored along with alterations in the liver architecture of wistar albino rats in graded doses of tramadol hydrochloride for 28 days. Specifically, levels of gammaglutamyltransferase (Ɣ-GT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined. Statistical evaluation of the results at a p < 0.05 elucidated significantly elevated values of these enzymes when compared with controls that were not on tramadol hydrochloride. The variations were time and dose dependent. Histological evaluation presented various degrees of inflammatory cells of the liver, cytolysis in hepatocytes and some portal tract hypertrophy. These findings support the need for caution in administration of tramadol particularly for long term administration.

Introduction: This study assessed the role of gut bacteria in the development of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Methodology: Using bacteria cultural method, microbial species were isolated from feacal materials, identified and quantitated through application of genomic spectrophotometric systems with a quantitation of some marker biochemical parameters for Diabetes. Result: We observed a concentration of firmicutes, bacteriodetes, protecbacteria and bifidobacterium with Escherichia coli population predominating. Biochemical parameters reveal a 3-fold raised value for some bromakers in type 2 diabetes. At a confidence interval of 95% paired sample test results gave significant differences for all tested pairs. Conclusion: Result suggests that microbiomes have the potential to alter the gut environment and cause changes that promote the development of type 2 diabetes.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationship of glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) in type 1 diabetes model induced by streptozotocin. Research Design and MethodsInduction of diabetes mellitus was achieved through the intraperitoneal injection of 70mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin dissolved in 1m citrate buffer p H 4.5 twice daily for 2 days. A total number of thirty rats were used selected among those that have exceeded glucose threshold (>10.0mmol/l) 2 weeks after streptozotocin induction. All rats weighed between 240-300g. Samples for fasting plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin were collected at the tail vein. Glucose was determined by the glucose oxidase method and HbA1C was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLCEsi/ms) with uv detection. Data was analysed by one way and two way analysis of variance using SPSS version. Results Significant linear relationship was demonstrated between plasma glucose level and glycated haemoglobin which could be predictive of risk of developing diabetes. Control samples had values within reference range, glucose (3.5-6.5 mmol/l) and glycated hemoglobin (4.3-7%). However diabetic test rats elicited values that varied significantly with time. Test result confirms the fact that higher mean values of plasma glucose in diabetic (positive) controls were due to the effect of streptozotocin. Conclusion Plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin show positively mutual relationship and can be used in early diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Using correlation coefficient and regression enhances measurement of the strength of the bivariate association and is predictive.

Interest in DNA analysis using short tandem repeats (STR) as finger printing tools in forensic medicine has gained tremendous application, as expression of these nuclear factors have enhanced forensic examination. Here we used this Biochemical characterization after conventional extraction process, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresiss and a sequencer to distinguish and resolve parental dispute. The differential migration of labeled DNA fragments which attains excitation energy with a laser elicits fluorescent light of different wavelength depending on the dye used. A data collection software (Genemapper) collects raw data (spectrograph) and converts it to an electropherogram that is interpreted. By comparing the DNA profiles, inclusion and exclusion criteria were elucidated to resolve disputes. The inherent discriminating power of STRs used in analysis enhances resolution of cell mixtures, genetic aberration, substantiation of tissue origin and provides genetic distinction which is a robust and reliable approach in resolving parental disputes.

Complications arising from Kidney damage and other renal pathologies have been a subject of major concern, which have been attributed to various sources. Concerns for patients with renal disease prompted the need for this study. We evaluated nitrogenous product levels on control (normal) subjects and those with dysfunction. Using spectrophotometric approach, we determined levels of creatinine, Urea, uric acid and some other parameters in four categories of patients. We observed a consistent elevated pattern of the parameters measured with severity of the status of the kidney dysfunction. A four-fold increase in concentration of the metabolites analyzed was observed in tandem with the respective disease condition. Values obtained necessitate the need for sustained laboratory investigation for early detection of those at risk to restore and mention homeostasis.