Orchids from private collections, nurseries and wild areas, located in different ecological regions of Costa Rica, were studied in order to know the pests and diseases affecting them. 16 insect and two mite genera were identified as pests on different orchids and 28 pathogens were found as causal agents of infec- tious diseases. The most frequent pests were: Tenthecoris orchidearum, Stethobaris sp., Xylosandrus com- pactus, Pseudococcus longispinus, Diaspis boisduvalii and Tenuipalpus pacificus. The main diseases found were caused by: Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp., Fusariun oxysporum, Fusarium spp., Sclerotium rolfsii, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Sphenospora spp., Uredo spp., Cymbidium Mosaic virus and Odontoglossum Ring Spot Virus. This results demonstrate the diversity of organisms producing sanitary problems on orchids in Costa Rica, and suggests the inclusion of pest and diseases management in strate- gies for orchid conservation.

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Se realizó el aislamiento, identificación y evaluación in vitro y en campo de hongos antagonistas de Botrytis cinerea Pers., en plantaciones de mora. La obtención de organismos antagonistas se hizo en Cartago en las localidades de La Luchita, Bajo Canet, Jardín y División durante el 2012. De los frutos se obtuvo un grupo de 43 aislamientos pertenecientes a 10 géneros distintos de los hongos: Aspergillus sp., Bispora sp., Cladosporium spp., Colletotrichum sp., Curvularia sp., Macrophoma sp., Paecilomyces spp., Pestalotia spp., Rhizoctonia sp., y Trichoderma spp. A todos los aislamientos se les realizaron pruebas de capacidad antagónica, mediante la técnica de cultivos duales, competencia por sustrato y antibiosis. Se seleccionaron solamente los aislamientos que superaron un 70% del PIC, y estos fueron 4 aislamientos (BC1, J14, J2.2 y J2.1) del género Trichoderma spp. Para las pruebas de campo se utilizaron 3 aislamientos (BC1, J2.2 y J2.1) del presente trabajo y 3 (BV1, SM13B y SM18) del mismo género previamente aislados. Las pruebas de campo se realizaron en el 2013. Los aislamientos de Trichoderma spp., que tuvieron estadísticamente (p≤0,0001) mayor efecto sobre B. cinerea fueron BV1 y BC1, los cuales dieron menos frutos enfermos.

In Costa Rica, an urgent ex situ national conservation program for V. planifolia is needed due to the rarity, high risk of extinction in the wild and the economic importance; that places it, as the most profitable orchid worldwide. Due to the lack of research about wild species conservation and the importance to evaluate the agronomic performance of the wild-type relatives, as a strategy to increase the reduced genetic variability, the aim of this research was to evaluate the acclimatization capacity and morphogenetic performance of wild V. planifolia under nursery conditions. The effect of two treatments 1) qualitatively selected cuttings according to their phytosanitary quality, mechanical damage and vigorousness and 2) cuttings without selection, were evaluated. Some growth variables were evaluated: survival rate, weight, length, number of nodes of the new and original shoot; number and weight of the roots The survival of the selected cuttings was greater (60%) than those that were not (45%). The morphogenetic responses of the selected explants were statistically significant for all variables evaluated. This is the first time that an initial process of acclimatization and morphogenetic performance with a known genotype individual of V. planifolia, is reported under greenhouse condition, in Costa Rica. Therefore, it is the first attempt to the ex situ conservation of the species as a part of an integrated program focus on the in situ conservation in a systematic and sustainable way, as well as, the first values of the vigorousness to some growth variables out of natural conditions.