In this article, we look into the question whether the Dutch waterboards can still be considered resilient institutions, effectively adapting to changing circumstances as often described in literature. We argue that current waterboards resemble the CPR management form of old only in name. Their institutional nature has changed considerably, thus providing a challenge to the future of CPR water management in the Netherlands. We examine not only the implications for the institutional performance and future of the waterboard system but also discuss possible ways to regenerate the system. With respect to the latter (changes in), the system of governance and community base character of waterboards are examined.
It can be argued that because of the rise of New Public Management and the growing dominance of labor law and HRM practices, the so-called ‘traditional’ public law formulation of the position of civil servants has come under pressure in a number of Western European countries in recent decades and have shaken the ‘bargain’ agreed between the political and administrative leaders since the Second World War. By contrast, in Central and Eastern Europe and Britain, new Weberian-type civil service legislation has been introduced. In this analysis, we examine both apparent opposites from a public sector bargains perspective and find that European countries are at a crossroads in their reflection on the ‘bargain’. Points for practitioners For practitioners in this field two considerations are important to note. The first is that while the discussion about the (legal) position of civil servants within their political-administrative system may seem to be a national debate, in essence it forms part of a more general debate that is conducted all across Europe. The second is that both theoretically and empirically, two dimensions of the bargain have to be distinguished, namely on the one hand the material labor conditions (pay, job protection, etc.) and on the other hand the values of bureaucracy (impartiality, integrity, loyalty, etc.). As our empirical analysis shows, these two dimensions have become increasingly independent from each other in the discussions and reforms in various countries over recent decades. In other words, managerial reforms in terms of material labor conditions have in practice been paired with the renewed emphasis on Weberian values of bureaucracy. Whether this decoupling is sustainable from a policy point of view in the long run (i.e. whether Weberian-style labor conditions are or are not conditional for high levels of Weberian values of bureaucracy), remains to be seen.
How difficult it is to introduce democratic institutional arrangements in a territory that had mainly experience with authoritarian government is illustrated by the case of Bosnia-Herzegovina (BH). The Dayton Peace Accord of 1995 established the (Office of the) High Representative (OHR) to help the new republic of BH develop into a democracy. After more than 25 years, one cannot but conclude that the creation of democratic institutions has not worked for lack of collaboration between the three most important ethnic groups. At best, BH is a controlled democracy, held together by OHR. The development of this office is analyzed in terms of a neo-institutional framework. We argue that the republic survives so far on the basis of negative legitimacy (accepting the OHR as the binding institutional arrangement). This also suggests that neither developments in a past long gone nor more recent developments (i.e., ‘strong’ path-dependency) prohibit a development toward positive legitimacy (i.e., ‘lean’ path-dependency). The case of BH also illustrates that democracy is hard, if not impossible, to establish when people are internally divided and where (some) domestic and international actors exploit these divisions in the international arena.
Aan het begin van de jaren 2000 rondden 't Hart e.a. hun onderzoek naar politiek-ambtelijke verhoudingen in Nederland af. 1 De aanleiding van hun onderzoek waren de vele politiek-ambtelijke conflicten die zich in de jaren negentig zichtbaar voordeden, en die in een aantal gevallen leidden tot het aftreden van topambtenaren. Een serie van dit soort incidenten was reden om in algemene zin te onderzoeken hoe het in Nederland met de politiek-ambtelijke verhoudingen gesteld was. Hun hoofdbevindingen waren als volgt. Zij constateerden in 2002 dat de rust was wedergekeerd in de relaties tussen topambtenaren en hun bewindspersonen. De belangrijkste reden hiervoor was de herbevestiging van het primaat van de politiek. Ambtenaren hadden vaak het onderspit gedolven (er werd gesproken over de 'veel betreurde korzeligheid van Paars' 2 ), en zodoende was de loyaliteit van ambtenaren aan bewindspersonen weer omhooggegaan: het bedienen van de bewindspersoon was weer meer centraal komen te staan. De auteurs concludeerden dat deze toegenomen loyaliteit goed gecombineerd werd met ambtelijke professionaliteit. So far, so good. Toch benoemden de auteurs ook direct de keerzijde van deze toegenomen ambtelijke loyaliteit aan de politiek. Ze wezen daarbij op een erosie van de machtsbronnen van de topambtenaar en waarschuwden dat 'knechtengedrag' op de loer lag. Ook zagen zij dat inhoudelijke deskundigheid in 2002 reeds een minder prominente plaats dan voorheen innam, dat er een groeiende kloof was tussen topambtenaren en beleidsambtenaren, en dat zbo-leiders die voorheen een grotere afstand tot de politiek hadden, steeds dichter op de politiek betrokken werden. Inmiddels zijn een krappe vijftien jaar verstreken en is de wereld, en daarmee ook het politiek-ambtelijke landschap, veranderd. We zien relevante veranderingen en verschuivingen op algemeen maatschappelijk vlak, op politiek vlak, op juridisch vlak en ten aanzien van de organisatie en het management van de overheid. Sommige van deze trends zijn langlopend, andere kunnen zo weer omslaan in een
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