Coxsackieviruses are one of the main causes of type 1 diabetes, due to the sequence similarity between the protein 2 C (P2-C) in the structure of the virus and the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) autoantigen in human beta-cells. The study aims to detect the anti-GAD65 and specific anti-CVB IgG in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) patients to study the correlation between the levels of the GAD65 autoantigen and CVB- IgG autoantibody in T1D-CVB patients. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2018 to July 2019 at Babylon Diabetic Center in Marjan Teaching city, Babylon teaching hospital for maternity and children and college of medicine at the University of Babylon. A total of 150 samples were obtained from diabetic patients and 50 samples from non-diabetic individuals as control. Diabetic mellitus (DM) patients diagnosed by clinical features, RBS test (above 200 mg/dL) and HbA1c test (above 6.5%). Anti-Gad and CVB-IgG detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) . The study showed the age group A2 (1-5 years), the females group (B1), and rural group (C1) more susceptible to T1D-CVB infection. The study exhibited a positive correlation between anti-gad and anti-CVB-IgG (r = 0.644**) in T1D-CVB patients.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious and common infectious disease of the liver, affecting millions of people throughout the world. The incubation period for HBV is 45-180 days, most commonly 60-90 days. Hepatitis B reactivation is the reappearance or rise of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the serum of patients with past or chronic HBV infection. Reactivation can occur in a variety of clinical settings, usually in the context of an immunosuppressed state or immunosuppressive therapy. The aim of study is to find out the reasons that lead to reactivation of hepatitis B virus. The study conducted during the period from September 2019 to February 2020 the sample size were 135 individuals include 85 patients and 50 control with 56.47% female and 43.53% male) blood samples. A 42 (49.41%) from patients have reactivated HBV positive results as detected by ELISA assay . A five samples at a rate of 5.88% from these are HBV reactivation by PCR technique.

The current study aimed to detect human cytomegalovirus among infertile individual. Blood and seminal fluid collected of 300 infertile male randomly, ELISA technique was used to know the activity of humoral immunity among them through measuring anti-HCMV IgM and IgG antibodies, the result revealed that 31 (11%) were positive for IgM result and 234 (78%) were positive for IgG. The PCR technique showed that out of 300 samples only 22 (7.4%) gave positive results, In case of control group, results were negative for anti- HCMV IgM antibodies in ELISA test and PCR technique. While IgG gave a weak positive results. Objective: the present study was to study the relationship between the virus and infertility through detection of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in infertile male in AL-Najaf governorate by screening of anti-human cytomegalovirus IgM and IgG in the serum and detection of human cytomegalovirus DNA in seminal fluid, using PCR technique.

The Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates were obtained during a period extended between September 2014 and January 2015, depending on biochemical tests and VITEK 2 system. Several sewage water samples were assayed using a plaque assay of double agar overlay as a source of S. Epidermidis phages. The bacteriophages were described depending on plaques size and shapes. Phage 1 was the most predominant in the bacterial lawn and able to infect other S. species such as S. aureus. Therefore, it was decided to study the effect of temperature on its original titer. The results revealed a gradual decrease in the phage titer with increasing dilution number. Each temperature at several incubation periods, significantly vary depending on phage titer. The optimum temperature was 40 ° C, while the 80 ° C was represented the inhibitor temperature. L.S.D. at level (0.05) for interaction was 39.552. The pH 6.5 – 7.5 were represented the optimal pH for the best phage activity while the phage titer beginning to decline in above and below this range of optimal pH , L.S.D. at level 0.05 was 17.898. In conclusion, our study found that Phage1 was considered as predominant phage because of their ability to infect other Staphylococci species such as S. Aureus.

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