Predicting the response of marine metazoans to climate change is hampered by a lack of studies on evolutionary adaptation, particularly to combined ocean warming and acidification (OWA). We provide evidence for rapid adaptation to OWA in the foundational copepod species, Acartia tonsa, by assessing changes in population fitness based on a comprehensive suite of lifehistory traits, using an orthogonal experimental design of nominal temperature (18°C, 22°C) and pCO2 (400, 2000 µatm) for 25 generations (~1 year). Egg production and hatching success initially decreased under OWA, resulting in a 56% reduction in fitness. However, both traits recovered by the third generation and average fitness was reduced thereafter by only 9%.Antagonistic interactions between warming and acidification in later generations decreased survival, thereby limiting full fitness recovery. Our results suggest such interactions constrain evolutionary rescue and add complexity to predictions of the responses of metazoan populations to climate change.

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Dyslipidemia is one of the important influencing factors of cardiovascular health in the youth, and thus, assessment of its etiology is important. We aimed to investigate the association of dyslipidemia with vitamin D and physical activity in Korean children and adolescents. Data of 3183 subjects aged 12–18 years in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Participants were divided into subgroups according to sex, body mass index, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, and lipid profile. The mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was 16.15 ng/mL, which was below normal. In total, 79.3% of the subjects had vitamin D deficiency. Females had lower vitamin D levels and a higher incidence of dyslipidemia compared to males. Vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. The low HDL-C group consisted of a higher proportion of subjects with vitamin D deficiency and low physical activity. This study suggests that vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in Korean children and adolescents. Vitamin D deficiency and low physical activity are related with low HDL-C levels. Maintaining sufficient vitamin D levels and physical activity may help prevent dyslipidemia.

Predicting the response of marine metazoans to climate change is hampered by a lack of studies on evolutionary adaptation, particularly to combined warming and acidification. To test whether the ubiquitous marine copepod Acartia tonsa can adapt to warmer and acidified conditions, we tracked five fitness-relevant life-history traits for 25 generations (~ 1 year) with a 2 x 2 factorial design of temperature (18 C, 22 C) and pCO2 (400, 2000 μatm). Initially, combined warm, acidic conditions decreased egg production and hatching frequency, resulting in a 56% reduction in population fitness (net reproductive rate). However, both traits recovered after three generations and average fitness was reduced by only 9% thereafter, indicating rapid adaptation. Antagonistic interactions between warming and acidification in later generations decreased survival, thereby limiting full evolutionary rescue. Our results suggest that interactions between warming and acidification constrain evolutionary rescue and add complexity to predictions of metazoan populations responses to climate change.