Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and inflammatory disorder, which can result in joint destruction, deformity, and even disability. 1 However, the etiology and pathogenesis of RA remain unclear, although it has been hypothesized that RA may result from the combined effects of genetic and environmental factors. 2,3 RA is associated with multiple characteristics, including cartilage degradation, bone erosion, and joint instability. 4 Nowadays, RA is reported to affect approximately 1% of the world population, while the life quality of RA patients and their life expectancy have both been reduced by this disease. 5,6 The impact of inflammation in osteoblasts has been proved, which displays crucial roles within the arthritic bone microenvironment, and, thus, in RA pathogenesis. 7 Although there are some therapies available for the
The present study aimed to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic values of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) combined with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) in different subtypes of breast cancer (BC). CEUS and DW-MRI were conducted in 232 patients with BC prior to surgical treatment. Patients were categorized as having the luminal A subtype, the luminal B subtype, triple-negative subtype or the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2)-positive subtype according to their expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and Her-2, as detected by immunohistochemistry. The CEUS and DW-MRI parameters of patients with different subtypes of BC were obtained and analyzed. The risk factors for the prognosis of patients with different subtypes of BC were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and COX regression analyses. The diagnostic accuracy rate of CEUS combined with DW-MRI (93.10%) was higher than that of CEUS (88.79%) or DW-MRI (82.33%) alone. The local recurrence rate and distant metastasis rate of the Her-2-positive subtype were the highest among all the subtypes. Furthermore, patients with Her-2-positive BC exhibited a higher proportion of lesions with indistinct margins and histological grade III. Lymph node metastasis and BC subtype were independent risk factors for the prognosis of BC. The overall survival and disease-free survival of patients with the luminal A subtype were higher than those of patients with the Her-2-positive subtype. The results of the current study therefore indicate that CEUS combined with DW-MRI is more effective at diagnosing the different subtypes of BC than either CEUS or DW-MRI alone.
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